| I demonstrate that a "speech act" theory of meaning for imperatives is---contra a dominant position in philosophy and linguistics---theoretically desirable. A speech act-theoretic account of the meaning of an imperative !&phis; is characterized, broadly, by the following claims. LINGUISTIC MEANING AS USE. !&phis;'s meaning is a matter of the speech act an utterance of it conventionally functions to express---what a speaker conventionally uses it to do (its conventional discourse function , CDF.IMPERATIVE USE AS PRACTICAL. !&phis;'s CDF is to express a practical (non-representational) state of mind---one concerning an agent's preferences and plans, rather than her beliefs. Opposed to speech act accounts is a preponderance of views which deny that a sentence's linguistic meaning is a matter of what speech act it is used to perform, or its CDF. On such accounts, meaning is, instead, a matter of " static" properties of the sentence---e.g., how it depicts the world as being (or, more neutrally, the properties of a model-theoretic object with which the semantic value of the sentence co-varies). On one version of a static account, an imperative shut the window! might, for instance, depict the world as being such that the window must be shut.;Static accounts are traditionally motivated against speech act-theoretic accounts by appeal to supposedly irremediable explanatory deficiencies in the latter. Whatever a static account loses in saying (prima facie counterintuitively) that an imperative conventionally represents, or expresses a picture of the world, is said to be offset by its ability to explain a variety of phenomena for which speech act-theoretic accounts are said to lack good explanations (even, in many cases, the bare ability to offer something that might meet basic criteria on what a good explanation should be like).;I aim to turn the tables on static accounts. I do this by showing that speech act accounts are capable of giving explanations of phenomena which fans of static accounts have alleged them unable to give. Indeed, for a variety of absolutely fundamental phenomena having to do with the conventional meaning of imperatives (and other types of practical language), speech act accounts provide natural and theoretically satisfying explanations, where a representational account provides none. |
