The life and thought of a Chinese Buddhist monk: Zhiyuan (976-1022 C.E.)

This dissertation is a study of a Buddhist monk, Zhiyuan, in the Song dynasty who was generally known as a leader of the Off-mountain (Shanwai) faction of the Tiantai school. The aim of the study is threefold: first, to investigate critically the nature and development of the Home-mountain/Off-mountain (Shanjia/Shanwai) debate of the Tiantai school in the Song dynasty; and second, to reconstruct the views of Zhiyuan on some of the issues involved in the Home-mountain/Off-mountain debate; and third, to examine the life of Zhiyuan and what lies behind his label of a leader of the Off-mountain faction.;This dissertation consists of four chapters. Chapter one challenges the traditional rigid division of the Tiantai school into the Home-mountain and Off-mountain factions and suggests that this division was closely related to the formation of an orthodox lineage of the school among different competing lineages.;Chapter two reconstructs the views of Zhiyuan on various issues involved in the Home-mountain/Off-mountain debate. Our study shows that many of the issues debated by Zhiyuan and his opponents have to do with a 'mind-only' persuasion which can be traced back to Zhanran's teaching. This provides a more sympathetic understanding of the Off-mountain faction of the Tiantai school.;Chapter three studies the image of Zhiyuan in his different surviving biographies written by both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. The study shows that Zhiyuan was understood by his biographers, not as a leader of the Off-mountain faction, but as a learned monk with remarkable literary skills.;Chapter four examines Zhiyuan's self-portrait as found in his autobiographical essays which reveal other aspects of his life that lie behind his label of being a Off-mountain leader especially his involvement in the literary movement, known as the Ancient Style (Guwen) of Writing which is Confucian in orientation, and his struggle with his ill-health.;A translation of Zhiyuan's own prefaces to his ten commentaries on Buddhist canon written for his disciples is also provided at the end of this dissertation which provides a summary of his Buddhist thoughts.