| The rapid growth of domestic waste is an important issue and challenge in the process of urban development in China.From the site selection and construction to the operation and closure of landfill and other terminal disposal facilities,there are always debates about NIMBY(Not In My Back Yard)phenomenon and environmental justice.In recent years,the practice of MSW(Municiple Solid Waste)classification vigorously promoted by various places has further expanded the discussion related to MSW from the influence of terminal facilities to the classification of the source of residents.The definition of the rights and obligations of different stakeholder groups in each link has become the focus of academic and social attention.In this context,this paper analyzes the connotation of environmental justice,analyzes the relationship between environmental rights and obligations in waste management and responsibility subjects,and discusses the environmental justice issues in the whole process of MSW management from the unified perspective of “rightsobligation”.Taking Shanghai as the research area,the empirical research is carried out from the aspects of residents’ source classification,community secondary sorting,municipal terminal disposal,etc.,and the corresponding strategies are proposed through systematic simulation.The main research work and conclusions of this paper are as follows.(1)From the theoretical system,the links of MSW management process and its influencing factors were identified,the boundaries of each link in the system were divided,and the environmental justice in the whole process of MSW was proposed.It is found that the influencing factors of environmental justice in MSW management process are determined by multi-dimension,and the influence of each factor on environmental justice is defined by the link,relevant party,spatial scale,etc..The relevant environmental justice should be extended from the allocation of environmental risks caused by traditional Nimby facilities to the whole process of waste management such as source classification,secondary sorting and terminal disposal,and from the concern about the rights and responsibilities disputes among government and the public to the comprehensive regulation of the allocation of environmental obligations and the transfer of environmental rights among residents,property management,neighborhood committees and governments.The main factors of system regulation should be the recognition of justice,distributive justice and procedural justice as well as feedback,and the public perception,behavior and attitude as well as the performance of NIMBY problems.(2)In view of the source separation of residents link,the system combing the relevant environmental obligation,the main responsibility to identify the key factors that affects the residents on source separation of garbage,in the center of the Shanghai city has carried out 560 structured questionnaire face to face interview,incorporating risk perception factors into the planned behavior theory,traditional,foundation and development model is established,respectively,explore the rights and obligations of residents,property management,neighborhood committees and other stakeholders.It is found that the main factors restricting the improvement of source classification are residents’ independent completion of waste classification and classification refinement based on dry and wet separation.The key to improve residents’ source classification is to establish awareness of the main body of waste classification responsibility.The performance of environmental obligations of the neighborhood committee and property management has a significant impact on the formation of residents’ attitude towards garbage classification.The main task to improve the credibility of garbage management is to avoid the phenomenon of “mixed collection,transportation and treatment of garbage” and “over-substantial classification publicity”.The expanded model showed that epidemic prevention and control promoted the source classification behavior of residents’ garbage,and it was of practical significance to learn from the experience of joint epidemic prevention and control in garbage classification.(3)Focusing on the secondary sorting links in communities,this paper differentiated the source of rights under the garbage classification responsibility system,investigated and analyzed the garbage classification status of 4466 districts in 193 streets and towns in Shanghai in 2017,comprehensively evaluated the community garbage classification situation from 65 indicators of 4-level variables,and explored the relation of the performance of rights transfer and garbage classification in relevant links.The results showed that the reliability coefficient of the index system was 0.808,and the extraction rate of main factors was 79.17%,which was complete and targeted40.77% and 4.75% of the residential areas reached the “standard” and “demonstration”of garbage classification performance.The factors restricting the improvement of household garbage classification performance are hardware configuration,system implementation and reduction effect.Neighborhood committees and property management companies are mainly responsible for the secondary sorting process.The shortcoming of the environmental obligations of all parties is “the quantity and proportion of classified containers” and “the determination of relevant obligations in the notification of responsibility”.Based on the regression analysis of community characteristics and waste management methods,the communities with good classification performance showed the characteristics of new type of community,independent waste management,formal establishment of drop points,and regular garbage collection and transportation.After all parties’ rights are transferred,the community waste classification management has certain independent space,and the exploration of adaptive waste management mode is feasible.(4)For municipal disposal at the end of the link,the source of the terminal disposal and classification of relationship between power and responsibility,performance evaluation of the classification and category of equity theory into the analysis of environmental justice,designed based on uniform index of environmental justice,the rights and obligations established “adjacent to avoid effect analysis,classification performance evaluation,environmental justice estimates” quantification methods of environmental justice space.Based on the data of domestic waste disposal facilities in Shanghai and the census data,the NIMBY impact range and spatial differentiation of disposal facilities were calculated,and the NIMBY impact of vulnerable groups was evaluated.Study found that the influence of the garbage disposal facilities in Shanghai has a wide scope of coverage,adjacent to avoid influence there is a certain degree of spatial distribution of unequilibrium,jiangqiao incinerators of life and has been well developed waste transfer station of large facilities such as central-outer ring region corresponding to become one of the most significant areas adjacent to avoid effect,the phenomenon and the location principle and type of garbage disposal facilities purposes.According to the environmental justice index weighted by the performance of garbage classification obligations,some street towns represented by Changzheng Town have the phenomenon of power and responsibility mismatching with small environmental risk and low classification performance.The Gini coefficient under the influence of NIMBY is 0.418,and the negative externalities of garbage disposal facilities show an unbalanced distribution.Those with self-care disabilities,the elderly,the unemployed and those with low education are affected to a higher degree than the average level of the population,and they are the most likely to be selected for the minimization of resistance paths.(5)From the perspective of domestic waste the whole process of system management,discusses the relationship between rights and obligations,in recognition of environmental protection investment,the third industry personnel accounted,amount of garbage output,garbage disposal,bins,and collection point number index,based on the selected corresponding property of the rights and obligations,neighborhood committees and government infrastructure projects,guide and three control indicators of environmental compensation.Based on the method of system dynamics,a system model is constructed to predict the development and change of environmental justice.Based on the current environmental management model,the public’s rights and obligations under the 2035 vision plan tend to balance,and the environmental justice index reaches 0.799.Environmental investment and facility construction become the key factors affecting the realization of environmental justice.Under the corresponding scenario,the environmental justice index can be raised to 0.805 and 0.900,respectively.It is suggested to strengthen the promoting role of government economic incentives and property facility allocation. |
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