| Church building is an important part of Christianity.The building's production and reconstruction are important events in the church.Its function and form is the result of many factors in the socio-cultural,political,economic and aesthetic,and is also the weather vane reflecting the social status and influence of Christianity.This dissertation took the contemporary church in Western European for study.With the social factors as lateral dimensions,the paper elaborates morphology and function of Church Architecture affected by cultural trends,theology(religious movement),Architecture Technology(architecture movement)and art genre.While through analyzing the main artistic styles showed by Church architecture in diferent era church with time as the vertical dimension,It aims to grasp the development and changes of church architecture macroscopically.From the beginning of the seventies in 20th century,the paradigm of Sociology of religion converted from "the religious secularization" to "religious market theory".Scholars' focuses switched from the previous issues on theology and church groups to the study of the religious phenomenon with empirical values.By observing the influence of different social factors to the phenomenon of religion,the change and trend of religion is fed back.With this research method,this paper studied the church architecture by the research results of sociology,architecture and art.Chapter One explores the functionality and symbolism of Church Architecture in general,it is the materialized carrier of Christian theology,the place believers gather to worship God,and also the space holding worship and evangelism.It symbolizes the communication channel between heaven and earth,the residence God dwelling on earth.Then through finishing content w of church architecture and holy items in Bible text,It reviews the brief Church Architecture history from the Roman Empire to the Baroque period in the 17th century,including architecture styles and main representatives in this period.Chapter 2 discusses Gothic retro-style church before industrial revolution in the early nineteenth century.Gothic retro-style is an imitation of the decorative details of medieval Gothic.Nationalist movement launched vigorously after the French Revolution in 1789 when all national consciousness awaken.Gothic church became national architecture different from Greece and Roman classical architecture and gained nationalists sought.The Roman Catholic Church losing ground in the battle of royal and religious right,attempted revive architectural form similar with medieval Gothic church and symbolized the revival of the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages.Protestant thinkers and theorists found the construction of retro-style church in the Gothic architecture real construction can improve people's moral qualities.Romantic artists were still obsessed with unique passion and mystery of the Gothic church and implemented artistic ideas through the revival of this architectural style.Chapter 3 discusses Church Architecture between the second half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century.There were innovation revolution in various aspects of space,structure,materials and decoration,etc.this period.After 1960s,the British launched the first Industrial Revolution and had rapid economic development.Society is full of optimism and liberalism and the demand for culture and art was also increasing.In this efficient and relaxed environment,the method "invented"was discovered and innovation had become the era of proposition.Protestant liturgical reform movement also rise during this period.As a basis for simplifying the liturgy and the Eucharist procedures and changing all aspects of the church in the flow line,layout and furnishings and other reform in the ceremony,the architects initiated a revolution of church space.Progress of science and technology has changed the traditional structure and engineering,building materials and construction methods of architecture.New materials and structures have been gradually applied to the church architecture.However artists in Arts and Crafts Movement and Art Nouveau thought that the way of machine production destroyed the aesthetic appreciation of the whole society.They are committed to creating the artistic aesthetics of this era,also found new materials for building decoration,which lay the foundation for the church architecture into the innovative modernism.Chapter 4 discusses church architecture from the early twentieth century to the Second World War Europe was devastated into ruins after the two World War.People reflected optimism and fanatical nationalism to technology deeply in the last century.To achieve the post-war economie reconstruction and form the idea of European integration,the differences between cultures are replaced by common.modernist architecture developed rapidly which did not have any ideology and cultural characteristics.Hurt from war got people into the church to seek God's refuge.Protestant "theology of crisis" and the Ecumenical Movement raised.The number of Christian churches cannot meet the needs of Christians.The construction of the Church became the main task.Because the modernist church produced by industrial mass standardized components and meet the needs of the economy and time,They were widely built up.These Are Style,Cubism,De Stijl and constructivism led by art,continued to promote the development of modernist church architecture both in design concepts and language forms.Chapter 5 explores expressionist church architecture in the 1960s and 1970s.Expressionist church architecture is resistance and exploration to absolutely rational European community.It emphasized individual differences,subjective emotions,and formed a sculptural architectural form driven by expressionist art movement,At the same time,structural engineers explore the artistic performance structure and developed the structural architecture on the basis that structural technology meet the need of the project.Additionally after the Second Vatican Council,the Church of Christ showing respect for freedom and the yearning for communion.Expressionist church architecture appeared frequentlyChapter 6 explores the diversification of the church architecture from twentieth century to today.In the post-modern culture shock,society is filled with all kinds of genres,theory and hypothesis.Popular culture and the noble art co-existent in the consumer era.To meet people's spiritual beliefs habit in new era,Christian church were constantly in the process of secularization toward miniaturization,humane,functional diversification gradually.Church architecture also exhibited a diverse scene.Advanced architecture techniques could produce any wild notion of architectural forms,even the technology itself become a source of inspiration for the church architectural design.Contemporary art genres which is Full of rebellious spirit appeared as the continuing mushrooming,which not only enriched the social aesthetic,but also offered a variety of artistic language to a wide range of church architectures.The innovation of this dissertation focuses on the modern and contemporary church architecture,tries to study the classification of church architectures according to the major artistic styles of the churches in different era with a clear structure,and interoperated them comprehensively from culture,churches,technology and art perspective.This dissertation commit to provide a practice reference to Church in China. |
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