| Energy consumption as well as energy saving and emission reduction has become one of the hot issues concerned at present that plays an important role in mankind survival and society development.As the representative of the modern energy,owing to its characteristics of strong substitution,clean,convenient,efficient and renewable,electricity becomes the main trend in future energy use.The quantity of electricity consumption is the important markofsocial development and people's living standards.Because of the differences in economic development,the level of human development,residential living standards and life style of different countries,there are large differences in the level of energy consumption,especially electricity consumption.Choosing the main 50 countries in the world as research objects,this research analyzes the relevance between electricity consumption and human development,and the contribution of electricity consumption to human development level from a macroscopic view to summarize the general tendencies and laws of the long-term interaction between the two.Residential living is the center of human development.However,the macro-statistic is difficult to reflect the relevance between electricity consumption and residential living because of lacking the detailed information of the type and quantity of electrical appliances that people use.Thus,this study further reveals the relevance of household electricity consumption,electricity pattern and residential living from the micro-level through field questionnaire survey.Combined macro-analysis with micro-survey,the study better explains the intrinsic link between electricity consumption and human development,and provides policy recommendations to improve public services,promote electrification and raise the level of human development for the less developed countries and regions.Main abstractsare as follows:(1)Analysis on correlation between electricity consumption and the level of human development in the world.This study analyzes the intrinsic nexus between electricity consumption and human development,and reveals the positive impact of electricity consumption on human development for the 50 countries which are classified into four groups according to the income by panel data model.The results show that,there are long-run bidirectional causalities between electricity consumption and human development.On the one hand,the electricity consumption promotes human development,and on the other,the human development expands the demand of electricity.The higherthe income of one country,the more its electricity consumes,as well as the higher the human development index.Contribution of per-capitaelectricity consumption to per-capita GDP and per-capitaconsumptionexpenditure increases along with income rising,but it decreases to improving urbanization rate,expectancy life and adult literacy rate.(2)The association analysis between electricity consumption and human development level of Chinese provinces.First,the regional difference and change trend between China's electricity consumption and human development level were analyzed based onmacro-statistic data.Furthermore,the research analyzes the relevance between electricity consumption and human development level among provinces.The more income of the province,city or district,the more per-capita electricity consumption,as well as the higher the human development index.As a member of the world,the relevance between Chinese provinces'electricity consumption and human development level is compliance with international experience and universal law.(3)The correlation analysis between the feature of household electricity consumption and residential living.First,this study has a statistical analysis for all types of household electricity consumption.The results show that the household electricity consumption is generally low in whole and the difference between urban and rural areas is fairly large in the Northwest region.The annual per-capita electricity consumption are respectively 184.97KW·h,346.44KW·h,411.42KW·hand 481.78KW·h from the rural to the small cities,medium cities and metropolitan,and it exists an obvious feature of ladder variation.The electricity consumption shows an obvious upward trend from lower income families to higher income families.Then,the factors affecting household electricity consumption are studied through correlation analysis,the mean-variance analysis and multiple regression analysis.On this basis,the paper investigates the relevance between electricity consumption and residential living from the view of the quantity of household electricity consumption,diversity and cost of electrical appliances.The diversity of electrical appliances is closely related with income,and it indicates that electricity consumption contributes to the diversity of residential living.(4)The relevance between the patterns of household electricity consumption and the way of residents' life.First of all,the household electricity consumption is classified according to its applications.Then,study the characteristics and differences of the main electricity power consumption.On this basis,we analyze the internal relation between the patternsof household electricity consumption and the way of residents' life.The result shows that urban families and rural households'electricity consumption are mainly used for cooking,learning,entertainment and lighting,accounting for 81.64%,81.64%of the total electricity consumption respectively.While the use for heating and cooling,cleaning and sanitation,and traffic are comparatively small,especially in rural families.From the low income,low and middle income,middle income,middle and high income and high income families,the proportion of cooking,heating and cooling,cleaning and sanitation are on the rise,while the lighting,learning and entertainment show a decline trend.With the increase of income,the family lifestyle has changed,followed by home electric model,which changed from the form of necessity to clean,comfort and enjoyment.The transformation characteristics of domestic electricity-using pattern are in accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of need.(5)The estimation of energy conservation and emission reduction effects of household electricity appliances.First of all,by using emission factors that different fuels generated during their process of the power generation,this paper analyzes the gas emissions caused by household electricity consumption.The per capita emissions of household electricity use in the study area is 313.50 Kg a year,among them,the lighting,35.76 Kg,cooking,131.05 Kg,learning and entertainment,65.32 Kg,heating and cooling,28.56 Kg,clean and sanitation,28.38 Kg,and traffic,24.24 Kg.Then,using the alternative analysis,the study analyzes the energy conservation and emissions reduction effect of family main electric appliances.Using energy-saving lamp lightingcan save 30.4%of household electricity;Compared with CRT TV,LCD TV can save power 69.6 KW·h per year,and reduce emissions of 65.8 Kg;Improvingthe standardsof refrigerator's energy efficiency and increasing the set temperature of air conditioning can save power 39.5KW·h and 18.2KW·h,and reduce 37.2 Kg and 17.2 Kg of greenhouse gas emissions per year respectively.This shows that household appliances have great potential for energy saving and emission reduction. |
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