Multi-objective Optimization Of Primary And Secondary School Design For Energy And Comfort Performance In The Cold Climate Of China

Primary and secondary schools,as one type of public buildings,are in high demand for energy and resources,due to their high accommodation density and diversified facilities.Users in primary and secondary schools are mainly students,who are in the growth stages of physical development.Since they spend most time on listening,reading and writing in classrooms,the school indoor environment is of vital importance to the students' health.Moreover,the outdoor spaces in the campus,as places for activities and communications during recess time,should also be carefully considered.For the cold climate zone of China,the seasonal difference further increases the difficulty of improving the annual comfort of schools.However,the existing primary and secondary school design tends to focus on the architectural form,instead of the building performance.In addition,existing optimization methods and software tools cannot meet the needs of multi-objective optimization of building performance.Therefore,this paper explores the multi-objective optimization method of primary and secondary schools in the cold climate of China for both energy and comfort performance.First of all,through the investigation of climate characteristics and local primary and secondary schools,the paper draws the characteristics of energy use and comfort condition of primary and secondary schools in cold climates,with evaluation indicators proposed correspondingly.Moreover,based on the mathematical theory and tools of multi-objective optimization,the question of multi-objective optimization for primary and secondary schools in cold climates is put forward and the solving process is constructed.In Chapter 3,taking a typical middle school campus as an example,the campus microclimate calculation model is established after analyzing the design features of primary and secondary schools.Through on-site measurement,the ENVI-met microclimate model was verified,and the calibration method was proposed.Furthermore,the influence of campus design factors on the outdoor microclimate was discussed in three aspects: site location,architectural layout and landscape design,laying the foundation for the energy and comfort calculation of school buildings.In Chapter 4,based on the investigation of primary and secondary school building design,the energy and comfort calculation model of school buildings is established from three scales,including the building level,the unit space level and the component level.The effects of various architectural design factors on energy consumption and comfort are further analyzed by simulating models with different variables.In Chapter 5,the multi-objective optimization method is studied from three aspects: optimization algorithm,optimization process and solution quality.The SPEA2 optimization algorithm with related algorithm parameters and evolution algebra,which is most suitable for this problem,is determined.The advantages and disadvantages of onestep optimization and step-by-step optimization are analyzed.Moreover,the solution quality of the SPEA2 optimaztion method is verified by Hypervolume test.Finally,based on the above research of calculation models and optimization methods,a multi-objective optimization design software platform for primary and secondary schools was developed in Chapter 6.The platform is based on the modeling software Rhinoceros & Grasshopper,developed using Python scripting language,visual programming and SPEA2 evolutionary algorithms.In term of a school design,the platform can generate specific microclimate data for the campus,calculate,evaluate and optimize the school building performance and obtain the optimal design solution set,providing scientific decision support for primary and secondary school design.Finally,through a school design case in the cold climate,the platform was proved accurate and effective,indicating that the software platform can meet the needs of actual projects.