| The environment provided by urban green space(UGS)significantly affects people's perception,physical and mental health,especially in the highly urbanized Shanghai.The landscape pattern and ecological-social effects of UGS have an essential impact on human perception to environment.Accurately acquiring the human perception to environment of UGS is a prerequisite for guiding the public to regulate environmental behavior and improving the management level of UGS.Crowdsourced big data brings new perspectives and possibilities for quantitative human perception to environment.Future urban construction needs further to examine the relationship between people and the environment and integrate human perception into UGS planning,which will also contribute to the realization of United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda(SDGs)Target 11.This study taked 50 typical UGS in Shanghai as the research area,used public comment data to describe the human perception to environment deeply.This research used GF-6,Sentinel-2,Landsat-8 remote sensing images,Auto Navi Map Point of Interest(POI),Open Street Map(OSM)traffic Road network,Worldpop population,and other data.This study analyzed the human perception preferences based on word frequency statistics of environmental elements and recreational ecosystem services,and analyzed the human perception to environment emotions and attitudes based on the Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network.Under the background of a total of 23influencing factors in the three dimensions of landscape pattern,ecological effect and social economy,statistical analysis methods such as Pearson correlation analysis,multiple linear regression,full subset regression,and hierarchical variance separation analysis are used to reveal the dominant influencing factors and the mechanism of the relationship between UGS and human perception,and propose management countermeasures for improving the UGS environment.The main research results include the following three aspects:(1)Quantify the preferences and emotional attitudes of human perception to environment based on internet review data.Nine types of environmental elements perceived by the public can be summarized through public comment texts.Among the element types,artificial environment elements account for 52.81%,and natural environment elements account for 47.19%.At the same time,five types of recreational ecosystem services can be summarized.In descending order of word frequency,the rankings are recreational activities,social interaction,physical and mental recovery,aesthetic appreciation,history and culture,and the proportions are 36.64%,27.89%,13.98%,11.03%,and 10.46%,respectively.Through cluster analysis of the perceived frequency of recreational ecosystem services,four typical types of green spaces are identified and summarized:Social interaction-led UGS focus on visiting with family and friends,and are mainly large green space or small green space suitable for parent-child travel.Physical and mental recovery-led UGS focus on exercise and sightseeing,and are mainly small and medium-sized green space and waterfront green space.Historical and cultural-led UGS generally have historical and cultural backgrounds or regularly hold cultural festivals,and are mainly small green space.Comprehensive UGS is the general public has significant perception in all aspects of recreational ecosystem services,and the area varies greatly.Based on the LSTM deep learning method,the semantic analysis of online comments published by the public is used to obtain their emotional attitudes towards UGS.The emotional attitude value of 50 UGS is between 0.52 and 0.94,and the overall feedback is positive and neutral.From the analysis of the comment time,the number of comments and emotional attitudes in different seasons are different.The number of comments in the spring(March-May)accounted for 44.60%of the year,and the value of emotional attitude is 0.708.The number of comments in the summer(June-August)accounted for17.39%,and emotional attitude value is 0.717.The number of comments in the fall(September-November)comments accounted for 24.60%,and emotional attitude value is 0.728.The number of comments in the winter(December-February)comments accounted for 13.41%,and emotional attitude value is 0.733.The plant viewing period and festival activities in the UGS have a greater impact on the number of reviews.(2)Analyze the UGS landscape pattern,ecological effects,and socio-economic status,and then identify 23 influencing factors of human perception.In terms of landscape pattern,there are a large number of patches in the UGS,with the average Number of patches(NP)reaching 184.62;the average Patch Density(PD)and Edge Density(ED)are 1350.36 per km~2 and 1295.02 patches per km~2,respectively.There is a certain fragmentation of the landscape inside the UGS.The Landscape Shape Index(LSI)is 12.63,most of the patches are complex in shape,and the edge effect is strong.The average Patch Richness Density(PRD)is 79.70 per km~2,which is obviously different in different green spaces.The average Contagion index(CONTAG)is 57.92%,and Aggregation index(AI)is 93.60%.There are dominant patch types with higher connectivity,and the same types of patches aggregate with each other and have a compact structure.The frontage rate of the boundary is 57.68%on average,26%of the UGS are waterfront,the average number of entrances and exits reaches 5.68,and the entrances and exits are highly open.Emotional attitude and the amount of comments are correlated with indicators such as ED,PRD,CONTAG,AI,and entrance openness.Regarding ecological effects,the four-season average NDVI of 50 UGS is 0.557,indicating that the vegetation on the surface of typical UGS in Shanghai grows healthy.At the same time,the UGS has the function of temperature regulation.The annual average cooling rate is 0-3.22?,the moderate cooling is 1.53?,the cooling range is0-500m,and the average cooling distance is 185.60m.In terms of seasons,summer is the most luxuriant season for vegetation growth.The NDVI value is the highest,reaching 0.618,and the temperature drop is the largest,reaching 2.13?.In winter,the NDVI value is the lowest,only 0.448,and the temperature drop is the smallest,only0.60?.The transition season,spring and autumn are the vegetation growth period and the deciduous period,respectively.The NDVI values are 0.554 and 0.498,respectively,and the temperature drop in the transition season is 1.83?.The internal temperature of UGS is correlated with the emotional attitude.In terms of social economy,the density of traffic facilities within the service area500 meters outside the UGS is 1.54 per ha.The density of service facilities is 3.68 per ha,and the population density reaches 320.11 people per ha.The average distance from the city center is 6991.71m,indicating that the UGS traffic and service facilities are convenient.Emotional attitudes are positively correlated with the density of transportation facilities,service facilities,and population density,and negatively correlated with the distance from the city center.(3)Reveal the driving mechanism of human perception to environment(comments and emotional attitudes).The Total landscape area(TA)has the most significant impact on the number of reviews,with an independent contribution rate of69.35%.The larger the green area,the lower the internal temperature and the suitable environment.At the same time,the internal patches of the same type are compact and highly connected.The other three indicators that affect the amount of reviews are the COHESION,the building landscape shape index(LSI-building),and ED.The independent contribution rates are 16.40%,8.50%,and 5.75%,respectively.The higher the spatial connection of the internal elements of the UGS,the more irregular the shape of the building,the smaller the fragmentation of the landscape,and the more comments.The most significant impact on emotional attitude is the density of transportation facilities,with an independent contribution rate of 51.49%.The higher the density of buses,subway stations and parking lots,the higher the public's emotional attitude.The second is ED,whose independent contribution rate is 48.51%.The higher the density of the UGS at the edge,the higher the NDVI,the better the vegetation growth,the greater the fragmentation of the internal landscape,and the rich patch diversity.It is usually closer to the city center and the surrounding service facilities are convenient.Based on the above analysis,the strategy to improve UGS management is proposed.Small UGS with convenient transportation and large-scale UGS with complete functions play an overlapping and complementary relationship.Establishing new large-scale green spaces in the suburbs can alleviate the urban heat island effect.At the same time,attach importance to the role of small green spaces in the system,increase the frequency of citizens going to green spaces by organizing festivals and plant viewing activities,and improve accessibility by designing trails and corridors,adding children's amusement facilities and fitness equipment.When designing green spaces,the edge shape should be as complicated as possible,and attention should be paid to the creation of plant color changes and habitat diversity.In the planning and management process,the ecological effects of green spaces should be fully considered,and the public transportation network should be improved to improve traffic accessibility.More attention will be paid to surrounding commercial land,catering,entertainment and other supporting service facilities.The text of UGS network reviews can quickly and effectively obtain the human perception preference and emotional attitude.This study reveals the difference in the impact of UGS characteristics on perception,and quantifies the impact of landscape patterns,ecological effects,and socio-economic conditions on human perception to environment.Based on the analysis of the driving mechanism,management policies that reflect social needs can be formulated.At the same time,UGS planning and environmental management provide new data and methods,and provide an essential supplement to sustainable UGS management planning. |
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