The Research On The International Committee Of The Improvement Of Sericulture In China(1918-1937)

The international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China is the representative one of Sino-foreign cooperation in improving sericulture at modern times.It commitments to the introduction of the silkworm,manufacturing and marketing for a bunch of time,because of that the production quality of the raw material is the source of where the thriving Chinese sericulture.It can be concluded that activities of the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China is an important driving force of sericulture transition In modern China.This organization has concentrated the ideas of general public,the government,businessmen and foreigners,which for the development of sericulture in Modern China.At the same time,the tortuous course of development and evolution of the organization,is also a traditional country modern transformation transition in a field or a specific thing's microscopic portrayal.As a participants and witnesses of modern China's transformation and development of sericulture course,it adjust itself with this trend actively or passively.This feature undoubtedly gives it distinctive personality and characteristics of the times,as well as be an excellent sample interaction of studying the interaction in "macro" and "micro".In traditional Chinese society,sericulture is very important sideline production projects.Its emergence and development,perfectly fit the feudal economy "men plow and women weave" production division.In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,because of the foreign demand rose and southern region's prosperous economy,Chinese sericulture occupied the dominant position in international market.However,the central government's "ban on the sea" and "closed door" policy,not only reduced the sericulture end products to expand its overseas business space,but also cut off the possibility of Sino-foreign technical exchanges and exchanges in sericulture.Due to the poor export,sericulture appeared lack of funds and reduce returns and other industry phenomenon,and sluggish growth in domestic demand,The lack of domestic consumers' desire of purchasing did not change further exacerbate such situation,and resulting in the development of sericulture in the subsequent inability of the situation.At the same time,since the expansion of the Western capitalist countries and the rise of the capitalist mode of production,the world economic and political situation has undergone dramatic changes,these changes cause the situation of market integration,trade and globalization.Those phenomenon no doubt create stark contradiction with the development direction of Chinese sericulture.New sericulture products providers and traders rose,which led by Japan,challenge the sericulture traditional dominance status of China.In the past,in competition with external rivals,we had still be an exclusive identity of the producer to cover up shortcomings,but at that time the shortages were hugely magnified.China's sericulture technology,industry management level,quality producers and the development of ideas and development of sericulture and other factors,overall behind Japan's.?Late 19th and early 20th century,the Japanese completed the Chinese sericulture catch,and its production scale ranks first in the world in the level of foreign trade at the same time,China also has the only erode the international market share.The Decline of sericulture in modern China is not an isolated phenomenon,it is also the inevitable result which due to their own lack of preparation and the concept of lag when China is involved in the process of integration into the world economy,politics and society in the new system.Decline and abnormal development of tea,cotton,tea industry,represented by the traditional industries and the emerging industry represented by plaited straw,bristles industry,has become a modern China's economic "new normal."To reverse the decline of sericulture,early in the Qing Dynasty,some insight elites began to plan sericulture improvement and transformation.But by the political background and blocking of foreign communication,such improvement is not out of"learning technology in order to self-reliance" naive theory category.Implementation of its specific activities,nether relying on some local strength bureaucrats who want to organize a similar Westernization and accumulate political capital and reputation,or entrusted to some expatriate staffs who worked in customs department and without official supervision in personal mobility and capital expenditures.Even so,scattered and relatively simple early silkworm improvement activities still accumulated valuable experience for the continuing development of the cause of the later.It also let people recognize that the use of foreign technology,foreign personnel service could be viable in China Sericulture improvement.After the establishment of the Northern Government,though the official concern of sericulture has increased,the overall decline trend has not materially improved.After the war,the European economy needs to be recovered rapidly.Because its own lack of production and productivity,France,Italy and other countries have to seek cooperation with China by considering own development of sericulture.The international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China will be the final product of this bilateral demand and mutual coordination.To expand their sources of raw materials from the perspective of Chinese sericulture and grasp the situation of view,the America and Japan's attitude towards the setting up of organization also turn into supportive.At the primary period of organization,the political force,business forces and foreign forces,had a heated argument with the game.Their target issue includes organization funding,management and membership scope problem,which was affected by diplomatic and trade relations.Eventually,by the reconcile and compromise of all parties,the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China has established a preliminary organizational system,which was a collegiality form controlled by official supervisory staff,French staff and Silk cocoon Association.The expansion of the business forces and special status of foreign and merchant in Northern Government Period,make the official representative in the awkward position.As long-term alienation of government management and control system,the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China although carried out a decade-long business includes seed purchasing and distribution,it has not supported key substantive help to the transformation of Chinese sericulture.After the Nanjing government was established,under the guidance of the "revolution" theory and consciousness,national public power gradually infiltrated all levels of society.It also cause a great transformation of traditional industries and social organizations.In Sericulture,there is no exception.First,The Government has revised its broader development plans.in additional move,it use official power for the pilot.A group of government-affiliated organizations and institutions have been established.As the largest sericulture modified tissue in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces at era of the old government,the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China still have considerable value in personnel source and organization form,so the National Government utilize the way of active external representations and dispatch of commissioners to acquire restructuring of the organization as well as absorbing it as a part of overall improvement of sericulture system which was found and ensured by the executive powers.At this time,by the Government's promotion of agricultural science and Western development of technology,Chinese sericulture improved system was occurring independent transformation on theory and formal events.Different from the past way of simply focusing on improved silkworm,the related organizations starts to expand their business on the breeding,testing,sales,marketing and other aspects.This switches shows obviously in the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China.By establishing promoting agency and Zhenjiang silkworm manufacturing field,the organization's core business has approached an tendency of profit-oriented,market-oriented development,which is not only the practical needs for the reduction of government economic support,but also a initiative move of continuing organizational life,which rely on enhancing their own competitiveness and viability after the reorganization.After the establishment of the Nanjing government,the state power has gone much deeper into of the industry's development as well as the rising of national consciousness.The international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China have to be faced the fate of the restructuring by official receiver.With improved international status China,the foreign people and governments shows actively cooperate in terms of recover sovereignty,undermine the status of foreign staff.With the external economic situation and the worsen security situation,the Chinese government in the 1930s has the launched the succession "dirigisme" on political and economic aspects,in this round of changes in the political and economic landscape,The international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China gradually decline,which is also the ultimate fate of many similar organizations at that period.This "strong public official weak" relative imbalance created an clear contrast to the Northern Warlords Government.Besides the actively explanation of core business,the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China also participate in the development of modern Chinese sericulture education.By the early exploration and cooperation with higher education institutions,the organization has accumulated a wealth of education and experience,With the rise of female silkworm education in the late 1920s,the organization successfully established a subsidiary of Zhenjiang female silkworm school,its large number of technical personnel training,provide a strong intellectual support the development of sericulture in China.It also marks the rationalization and diversification of the international committee of the improvement of sericulture in China's Awareness and activities.By missing particular role the overall economic and the situation of social environment has not occurred on the occasion,relying solely on an organization to save poor and weak overall situation of sericulture is not realistic,but its more than a decade of practice is not in vain at all.As the crystallization which was created by the Shen lianfang,Ge Jing zhong,He Shangping and other human who participate the silkworm improved movement,the international committee of the improvement of sericulture will not only accumulated force for China Sericulture revival and growth in the future,its development experience and lessons for China transformation,modern agriculture and external cooperation provides a valuable reference for modern and temporary people.