| Water is critical factor affecting crop planting and production.Due to the continuous increase in the amount of groundwater in industries and cities,agriculture is suffering from severe water shortages.The traditional irrigation is using the flood irrigation method which has been adopted for a long time in agriculture and resulted in the continuously increasing of the requirement for water production.The scarcity of water sources and water resources has negated the problem of affecting the crop production of irrigated agricultural areas and sustainable development.Furrow and ridge planting is an effective way of collecting water by reducing water evaporation and efficiently improving crop water use efficiency.Supplemental irrigation is an irrigation way that based on the water moisture of the soil during the key period of crops.The procedure is first to determine the critical water requirement period of crops,and then calculate the supplemental irrigation water amount of the crops and use the controlling water meter to finish the irrigation.Hence,supplemental irrigation is a reasonable and effective irrigation method.Supplemental irrigation and furrow and ridge planting have significant water-saving and water-collecting effects,respectively,and thus the combination of these two combine their respective advantages by reducing irrigation water consumption,and improving water use efficiency of winter wheat.At present,there is a lack of relevant Research.In addition,most of the current research on crops focuses on the impact of water on crop yields,and starch,as the most important component of cereal crops,is crucial to the quality of crops.The multi-scale structure and functionality of starch play an important role of wheat quality.However,there is few research on the effect of moisture on crop quality,especially the structure and formation of starch in grains.Over all,the experiment was conducted in the crop test field of Northwest A&F University in the two growing seasons from 2016 to 2018,and winter wheat was used as the research material.The experiment were set two ways of irrigation,supplemental irrigation based on soil moisture(SI)and traditional irrigation(TI),and two types of tillage methods,flat tillage(FT)and ridge-furrow tillage(RF).Exploring the effects of SI on saving water,grain yield,and starch quality of winter wheat is important for providing basic and technical support for the agricultural production of winter wheat in the northwest irrigated agricultural area.The main results are as follows:(1)SI advanced the booting stage and anthesis stage of winter wheat by 2-3 days and induced the advance of the whole process by 2-3 days.The winter wheat tiller number index can directly reflect the growth and yield of winter wheat and is of great significance in agricultural production.RF+SI increased the number of tiller of winter wheat,and had no effect on the leaf area index,dry matter accumulation,and net photosynthetic rate of the winter wheat population.RF+SI maintained the normal growth of winter wheat under the condition of reducing irrigation water resources.During the jointing stage,the tiller number of the four treatments ranked as RF+SI>RF+TI>FT+TI>FT+SI.The tiller amounts in RF+SI was 24.3%-12.3%higher than the FT+TI,but the RF+SI also reduced the spikes rate of tiller number.Under the condition of RF+SI,there was no decrease in leaf area index(LAI)when the irrigation water was reduced,and there was no significant difference compared with other treatments.The dry matter accumulation under RF treatments during the flowering period significantly increased by 18%to 23%compared with FT.However,the dry matter accumulation under SI+FT during the whole growth period of winter wheat had no significant difference compared with other treatments.In addition,RF+SI also affected photosynthetic parameters,mainly decreasing the transpiration of winter wheat during the flowering period,but RF+SI had no significant effect on the net photosynthetic rate and the value of intercellular CO2.(2)Under the treatment of RF+SI,the yield of winter wheat was unchanged while the irrigation water was reduced.In terms of irrigation water use efficiency,the four treatments of FT+TI,FT+RF,SI+TI and SI+RF were 17.12%,16.44%,20.07%and 18.87%(2016?2017);17.89%,16.33%,21.83%,18.76%(2017?2018).Compared with FT+TI,the water efficiency of RF+SI increased by 33.7%(2016?2017)and 23.6%(2017?2018),respectively.Compared with FT+SI,RF+SI increased the water efficiency by 22.0%(2016?2017)and 23.0(2017?2018).In addition,RF+SI reduced total water consumption of wheat during the whole growth period.Although under the condition of SI,the soil moisture content of some soil layers reduced as well,but in the 2016?2017 year with more rainfall,the effect of SI reduced correspondingly due to the compensation of rainfall,which is similar to the other three treatments.The grain yield of the four treatments FT+TI,FT+RF,SI+TI and SI+RF were 6.4 t hm-2,6.9 t hm-2,7.3 t hm-2 and 7.6 t hm-2(2016?2017);5.3 t hm-2,6.5 t hm-2,6.8 t hm-2 and 6.6 t hm-2(2017?2018),under the FT treatment,the grain yield of SI decreased,mainly due to the decrease in the number of spikes.However,under the treatment of RF+SI,compared with FT+TI,the grain yield was higher by 5.8%(2016?2017)and 4.6%(2017?2018).RF+SI reduced irrigation volume but kept the grain yield.From 2016 to 2017,the grain yield of winter wheat ranked as RF+TI>RF+SI>FT+TI>FT+SI.From 2017 to 2018,the output of winter wheat ranked as RF+SI>RF+TI>FT+TI>FT+SI.The grain yield of FI+TI was significantly higher than that of FT+SI in two years,reflecting that under FT conditions,the grain yield of TI was higher due to the higher amount of water provided.The RF planting method is an indeed important factor that can increase the grain yield,because under the two irrigation methods,the grain yields of the two irrigation methods under the RF treatment were higher than those of the FT.(3)Under RF conditions,the contents of crude protein and wet gluten of winter wheat increased.RF+SI reduced water absorption by 1.6%to 2.0%,compared with the other three treatments,Under TI conditions,RF significantly increased sedimentation.However,under the condition of SI,the result of sedimentation value was opposite.The sedimentation value of RF+TI was significantly higher than the other three treatments in two years.The sedimentation value of winter wheat was significantly increased by 8.5%to 14.0%,compared with FT+TI.Compared with FT+TI,RF+SI slightly decreased the stabilization time of concentration,but had no effect in the powder extraction rate,The irrigation water efficiency of RF+SI was 9 times higher than that of the other three treatments.RF+SI treatment also had a significant effect on the structure and properties of starch.RF+SI conditions shifted the position of amylopectin peak from 10.6 m L to the right to 11.2 m L,indicating that SI reduced the amylopectin molecular size.In terms of starch molecular structure,SI reduced the amylose content(AM)of starch by 0.6%-0.7%,and the content of amylopectin(AP)chain with DP 13-24 by 0.4%?0.5%and increased the content of amylopectin chains with DP 6-12(0.2%)and DP 25-36(0.3%).In two years,the relative crystallinity decreased by 0.6%and 0.7%respectively;at the same time,more B-type starch granules were produced.The viscosity characteristics of starch(at 8%concentration)decreased by 30 c P and the resistant starch content increased by 3%,while the opposite effect was shown under the condition of FT.In summary,the combined treatment of furrow and ridge planting and supplemental irrigation can promote the growth of winter wheat.Compared with traditional irrigation and flat planting,the grain yield was improved,the irrigation water use efficiency and rainfall use efficiency are much higher than the other three treatments,and the grain quality of winter wheat was improved,which has great significance to the high-yield,high-efficiency and high-quality production of winter wheat in the dry farming and irrigated agricultural areas in Northwest China. |
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