| If we want to study the related contents of tumors in ancient literature,we need to find the diseases belonging to modern tumors in ancient diseases.However,tumors or cancers in today's sense are based on microscopic pathology,while macroscopic symptoms are used as the basis for disease diagnosis in ancient times.In order to achieve the best match between ancient and modern tumor diseases,analogy reasoning and best explanation reasoning were introduced to demonstrate.The ancient people's discussion on tumor does not go beyond the four categories of diseases:tumor,mass accumulation,polyp,carbuncle and sore.However,these four categories of diseases are not all tumors in the present concept.Therefore,the title of the thesis is Metaphorical Cognitive Research on Tumor Diseases in Traditional Chinese Medicine.Liu diseases are first seen in Neijing,which generally refers to diseases with poor circulation of meridians as the main pathogenesis.Chang Liu diseases were similar to retroperitoneal soft tissue tumors,while Xi Liu disease were fibrous tissue tumors of skin and muscles.The word Zhongliu first appeared in Song Dynasty,which was not the concept of tumor in modern medicine.From the period from Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties to Song Dynasty,Liu disease and Ying disease were collectively called Yingliu and there was no obvious difference in understanding and treatment.Yinghe disease is similar to thyroid adenoma today.According to the description of Three Causes and One Disease Prescription in Song Dynasty,Shiying was similar to thyroid cancer today.In the Tang Dynasty,the conception of Six-liu began to appear,and only Xueliu can be identified as hemangioma today.About the concept of Five-liu in Ming Dynasty,Xueliu were hemangiomas,Guliu were bone tumors,Rouliu were lipomas or myofibromas.There were ten kinds of Liu in Puji recipe.Houliu disease in Qing Dynasty was on Laryngioma and pharyngeal papilloma based on different descriptions.In the traditional knowledge of carbuncle and furuncle,it was stated in Neijing that Ganju was breast cancer,while Guju was bone cyst with bone tumor or tumor-like lesion.The Shiyong disease in Xiao Pin Fang was determined to be dermal fibroma according to the relationship between skin and nucleus.However,the description of Fugu ju disease was different from Neijing,and it should be suppurative osteomyelitis.The description of men's pudendal sores in Ji Yan Fang was similar to that of penile squamous cell carcinoma.In Sui and Tang Dynasties,the Shiyong diseases were muscular fibroma,the Rushi yong was mammary fibroma,and the Shiju was similar to dermatofibroma.Men's vaginal sores in Qianj infang were invasive carcinoma of penis,while Yinlao Chuang diseases in Yixin Prescription were papillary carcinoma of penis.The furuncle,which was recorded for the first time in the Beiji Qianjin Yaofang,was malignant melanoma.Shengji Zonglu said that breast carbuncle was red,purple and hard,and its description was similar to inflammatory breast cancer.Diseases such as Erou,He,Jun,Yan and Ai belong to the category of carbuncle and sore The growth process of Erou disease recorded in Handbook of prescription for emergency was consistent with typical squamous cell carcinoma,and Tredtise of ouces and symptoms of disease was also called Fanhua chuang and Erou disease.In the same book,a disease which called Chuang Erou,similar to basal cell carcinoma.The Chinese word Ai in Wei Ji Bao Shu in Song Dynasty was an acute infectious disease.And in Ren Zhai Zhi Zhi Fang,Ai was on penile cancer and breast cancer.Others,such as Naiyan disease and Ruai,were present-day breast cancer.Yayan was dental cancer.Shenyan was penile cancer.Aifa was malignant melanoma.There were two kinds of diseases characterized by nucleus:lip nucleus and tuberculosis in breast.The lip nucleus was close to lip tumor in Treatise on Pathogenic Factors,which was called cocoon lip in Ming and Qing Dynasties,and can be divided into lip cancer and common cheilitis.Breast lump in Song Dynasty included mastitis and breast tumor nowadays.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,breast lumps were called Ruli or Rupi.Ruli could refer to non-breast mastitis,breast tuberculosis or breast fibroma,and breast Rupi was breast hyperplasia.Ruli in the Qing Dynasty's Recipe of Zhongfutang Public Selection also refers to abnormal hyperplasia of male breasts.Among the diseases named by mushroom bacteria,Yinjun and Yinting were more similar to vulvar squamous cell carcinoma under yin sores in Ming and Qing Dynasties,besides referring to vaginal prolapse.In Ming Dynasty,there were eyelid squamous cell carcinoma.Shejun diseases were hemangioma.Houjun diseases were lymphoid follicular hyperplasia.By the Qing Dynasty,the description of Shejun diseeases were closer to tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Houjun diseases were pharynx melanoma,and squatting monkeys were pharynx papilloma.Lip bacteria were similar to allergicZhengjia and Jiju before Sui and Tang Dynasties belong to two different concepts,among which the Ji diseases in Neijing were similar to the present mesenteric tumors,and the five Ji diseases in Nanjing are not tumors of the five internal organs,but originated from the misinterpretation of related concepts in Neijing.Synopsis of the Golden Chamber constructed the pulse method of accumulated diseases,and extended the scope that Ji diseases in Neijing limited to intestines and stomach from the angle of pulse side syndrome.Zheng and Jia diseases were commonly used before Sui and Tang Dynasties,and generally referred to abdominal swelling,in which Shijia disease may be ovarian functional tumors or uterine fibroids with adhesion.Women's Zheng disease was hydatidiform mole of pregnancy.The disease in Xiao Pin Fang was closer to stomach tumor.After Sui and Tang Dynasties,there was a distinction between movement and immobility.The Pi disease was mostly based on drinking water,which is similar to the present gastric storage,and the lump was pyloric obstruction caused by gastric tumor.Xuan disease mostly refers to fibrous inflammation of abdominal muscles,and the lump of which is close to the present fibroma of abdominal wall.For the first time,the hydatidiform mole tissue was recorded in Thousand Golden Prescriptions which was treated by Mumeng pill and Taoren jian.The term 'ghost fetus' first appeared in General Treatise on the Cause and Symptoms of Diseases,which was equivalent to hydatidiform mole in Taiping Shenghui Prescription in Song Dynasty,but it mostly referred to ovarian functional tumor in Qing Dynasty.Violence and postpartum mass were not tumor diseases.The word 'Xirou' has been used to describe intestinal mushroom,which was a mushroom-like tumor outside the intestinal wall.You disease generally refers to all skin hyperplasia in Fifty-two Disease Prescriptions,while the Youmu in Sui and Tang Dynasties were similar to the present verrucous disease.Nasal Xirou were nasal vestibular tumors.The Song Dynasty's Three Causes and One Disease Prescription put forward that Zhi were common names of Xirou,so Nasal Xirou were also called nasal hemorrhoids.In terms of treatment,the Northern and Southern Dynasties mainly used the products of benefiting,the Sui and Tang Dynasties mainly used warm medicines,and the Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly used clearing away dampness and heat.Eye Xirou were first recorded in the Southern and Northern Dynasties,which generally referred to eye tumors.Jiguan Xianrou in Shengji Zonglu in Song Dynasty was similar to Eye Xirou.Up to the Ming Dynasty,according to the description in Examining Yao Letter,the Jiguan Xianrou could be identified as bulbar conjunctival hemangioma,while the Jiguan Xianrou in Qing Dynasty was a dome hemangioma.Thousand Golden Prescriptions referred to lump in ears,which were called ear hemorrhoid,ear mushroom and ear stiffness in Ming and Qing Dynasties.The description of ear stiffness was similar to squamous cell carcinoma of external auditory canal,and the description of ear hemorrhoid and ear mushroom in Surgical Heart Method in Qing Dynasty are similar to papillary and polypoid tumor of external auditory canal.The ancients' understanding of tumor diseases originated from different metaphors such as accumulation,mushroom,flower turning,rock,sputum mass,ghost,pipeline and space.The metaphor of accumulation originated from the ancients' beginning to regard human body cavity as a container for holding water or channels and collaterals as rivers.Under this kind of metaphor 'cold can make water freeze' is introduced to explain the formation of tumor as the result of liquid freezing in the body.The image schema was expressed as 'cold-water(drink)-ice(lump)'and 'cold-water(qi and blood)-ice(lump)'.Tumor diseases in Neijing were basically recognized according to these schemas,and later generations were influenced by death metaphor.There are probably three changes in the above schema.First,the influence of cold evil on the original intention schema is gradually ignored,and 'cold evil-water-lump' is generalized to 'evil-water-lump'.For example,the lumps of milk rock,milk nucleus and lip nucleus in later generations are attributed to emotions,wind and cold.Secondly,the new cognitive path of'stagnation-hypeiplasia' has been gradually abstracted.For example,Xiao Pin Fang directly treated Xirou with circulating drugs,and the lump accumulated in the accident is caused by food,so it is treated with digestion drugs,and the gall nucleus is considered to be caused by the lump of quoted sand water;Thirdly,ignoring the original content and borrowing only the new content under the name,such as treating the tumor directly as carbuncle,borrowing the theory of heart fire and sore of carbuncle to treat.Mushroom metaphor,flower-turning metaphor,rock metaphor,sputum metaphor and ghost metaphor all follow the same pattern.Through some external features of tumors,which are regarded as mushrooms,flowers,rocks,sputum and other substances.Because the environment in which mushrooms grow is humid and hot,most of them mainly focus on clearing away damp and heat.Some people realize them from local dark environment,so they are treated by warming cold and dampness.The formation of flowers in nature is related to wind and dampness.So the treatment of flower turning sores is mainly based on dispelling wind and removing dampness.The lump is treated as rock with different emphasis.The rock has pores,so it is mainly filled.And the stone texture is hard,so it is mainly treated with horn drugs or fossil drugs.Phlegm is related to the construction of Zhu Danxi's phlegm theory.So expectorant drugs are the main treatment for mass.Ghost metaphor is more common in abdominal tumors such as ghost fetus,Shijia,Zhengjian,which is related to the ancient people's understanding of ghost.Ghost,as an important part of pre-Qin culture,also affects the construction of TCM diseases.Through the discussion of ghost characters,we can know that ghost was the soul of ancestors at first,but it has gradually become a negative word after deterioration.In non-tumor diseases related to ghost,we can find that the introduction of the concept of ghost is mostly related to people's behavior because of symptoms.Therefore,‘ghost is the soul'is the basic metaphor of diseases related to ghosts,while tumor ghost disease is constructed because of human reproductive characteristics,and‘evil'means ghosts.The expression of tumor formation with the concept of 'evil' in diseases is also influenced by ghosts.And the medicine of 'killing ghosts and evil spirits is often used in treatment.Spatial metaphor mainly refers to the ancient people's borrowing of space-related knowledge,which has an impact on tumor treatment.For example,in Sui and Tang Dynasties,nasal polyps and ocular polyps were treated.Because nasal Xirou were dark in nasal cavity.Ocular Xirou were often accompanied by conjunctival redness,which was considered to belong to cold and heat.Therefore,nasal Xirou were treated with warm medicine and ocular Xirou with cold medicine.In the treatment of wart,it is considered that the lump can disappear by eclipse or throwing away objects.Pipeline metaphor is the main metaphor of ancient people for hiccup disease.Understanding hiccup disease through dryness and blockage has reference significance for the treatment of esophageal cancer.At last,the cypher language in the Neo4j database is used to transform the ancient tumor knowledge and metaphor content into graph data form content with relationship and nodes.Thus forming an ancient Chinese medicine tumor metaphor graph database with'Chinese medicine' 'prescription' 'ancient disease' 'modern disease' and 'origin metaphor' as nodes and 'composition' 'treatment' 'tumor type' and 'mapping' as edges. |
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