| Objective: Armeniacae semen amarum is a traditional Chinese medicine commonly used in clinic with a long history of application.However,on the one hand,the efficacy of armeniacae semen amarum in the Chinese Pharmacy and Chinese Pharmacopoeia only mentioned the functions of loosening bowel to relieve constipation,depressing qi and relieving asthma,while some of the efficacy of armeniacae semen amarum recorded in the traditional herbs and prescriptions of the past dynasties have been ignored by modern doctors.On the other hand,as a poisonous Chinese medicine,the efficacy of armeniacae semen amarum is affected by what factors,what is the difference of dosage in the treatment of different diseases,how the doctors of all dynasties used it,and what diseases are mainly treated by the prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum,that deserve further study.Based on this,using the ancient literature of armeniacae semen amarum in combination with modern data analysis methods,on the basis of comprehensively combing the medica literature about the content of armeniacae semen amarum,we analyzed the prescription containing armeniacae semen amarum in ancient books of the past dynasties and excavated the compatibility law of armeniacae semen amarum,and compared with Chinese Pharmacy,Chinese Materia Medica and Chinese Pharmacopoeia,thus found that the effect of armeniacae semen amarum that existed in ancient times but lost in modern times,in order to provide a new perspective and thinking for clinical medication.Methods: Literature study and mathematical statistics were used.Part one: study on literature of armeniacae semen amarum.Take the Zhongguo Bencao Yaoji Kao,a masterpiece in the academic history of herbal medicine,as a clue,we have sorted out the books of traditional Chinese herbs from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,comprehensively and systematically collated the contents related to armeniacae semen amarum,and analyzed it from the historical evolution of name,origin,processing,four properties and five tastes,meridian tropism,ascending and descending,efficacy and indications,and toxicity.Part two: study on compatibility rules of armeniacae semen amarum.According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,all compound prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions(1995 edition)were searched.The names,sources,dynasties,dosages,dosage forms,medication methods,formula composition,decocting and taking methods,avoid of use,main disease symptoms and other relevant data of the compound prescriptions of armeniacae semen amarum which met the conditions were input into Excel to establish the prescription database of armeniacae semen amarum.The names of traditional Chinese medicines in the database were standardized according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Part I),Chinese Traditional Chinese Medicine Dictionary and Chinese Materia Medica.The main symptoms of indications of prescription containing armeniacae semen amarum were standardized according to Terminology of TCM clinical diagnosis and treatment-disease part.Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and rules of standardization,the database of prescription information of armeniacae semen amarum was established by using Excel.Mathematical statistics were carried out on the prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum,and frequency statistics were carried out on the composition,dosage,dosage form,main symptoms and other contents of armeniacae semen amarum in each dynasty,and the relationship between the toxicity of and dosage,and the relationship between toxicity and disease syndrome was studied in depth.The "T-F form" of the first 60 core drugs were imported into IBM SPSS Modeler 18.0,and the parameters were set as support degree ?20% and insertion degree ?60%.The Apriori template in the software was used to conduct association rule analysis,and the high-frequency symptoms of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum and the compatibility of common drugs were explored.The dosage of armeniacae semen amarum in decoction,powder and boiled powder was converted according to the statistical table of weights and measures in Chinese dynasties.According to the conversion results,the dosage of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum was divided into five grades: 0.1 to1 g,1.0 to 5.0 g,5.0 to 10.0 g,10 g-37.3 g,37.3-100 g.The number of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum in different dose ranges was calculated,and the results were compared with the safe dose(5-10g)stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia.In addition,according to the different flavors of medicines,The decoction,powder and boiled powder were divided into large prescription,medium prescription and small prescription,respectively,to explore the dosage range of common diseases of large,medium and small prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum,mining the drug-disease-quantity relationship of armeniacae semen amarum through association analysis,and analyzing the common compatibility through association rule algorithm,and summarizing the compatibility rule of common diseases.Results:Part one: study on literature of armeniacae semen amarum.In this study,a total of 136 materia medica and prescription literature were consulted,and the name,origin,processing,four properties and five tastes,meridian tropism,ascending and descending,efficacy and indications of armeniacae semen amarum were systematically and deeply combed.1.The name of armeniacae semen amarum.The name is mixed with apricot pi,almond and apricot kernels.Through textual research,we know that apricot pit and almond are two parts,and the medicinal part of armeniacae semen amarum is kernel.The name of armeniacae semen amarum first appeared in the Guide to Clinical Practice Case,and has been included in the textbooks of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Materia Medica as genuine products.2.The origin of armeniacae semen amarum.The origin of armeniacae semen amarum is the best in the north,mostly distributed in Hebei,Shanxi,Liaoning,Inner Mongolia and other places.3.The processing of armeniacae semen amarum.The processing of armeniacae semen amarum firstly appeared in Lei Gong Processing Theory,and the processing methods of previous dynasties include net system,cutting system,fire system,steaming,boiling system,medicine juice system,children's defecation system,rice swill system,wine system,vinegar system,salt system,etc.The modern Chinese Pharmacopoeia only recorded the two methods of “Dan” and “Chao”.4.The toxicity of armeniacae semen amarum.Armeniacae semen amarum have been documented as poisonous throughout history,and the poisoning of armeniacae semen amarum was recorded in Food Materia Medica,The medicine guide and The Classic of Materia Medica,which was consistent with the poisoning of armeniacae semen amarum in modern pharmacology.The avoid of use of armeniacae semen amarum were documented in Materia Medica,Shen Nong's Materia Medica Classic,etc.The method of processing and compatibility of armeniacae semen amarum were documented in The Guide,etc.5.The four properties and five tastes,meridian tropism of armeniacae semen amarum.From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,there appeared such records as sweet,bitter,hot,cold,hot,warm and mild.The meridian tropism recorded in the literature of all dynasties included the large intestine,lung,spleen,liver and the triple energizer.6.The efficiency of armeniacae semen amarum.In ancient literature,armeniacae semen amarum has the functions of reducing qi,relieving cough,relieving asthma,moistening intestines and relieving constipation,which are consistent with modern Chinese Pharmaceutics and Chinese Pharmacopoeia.Besides,it is also beneficial to reducing swelling,dispersing knot and moistening dryness,regulating qi and relieving pain,resolving phlegm and opening orifices,regulating qi with wide chest,producing milk,moisturizing skin and nourishing face,et al.Part two: study on compatibility rules of armeniacae semen amarum.On the basis of literature research,this study systematically sorts out the prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum in the Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescriptions.1.Number of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum.There are covering 302 prescriptions from Han Dynasty to modern times,2,986 prescriptions were collected,among which 2,605 prescriptions were for internal use and 381 prescriptions were for external use.The number of prescriptions in Song,Jin and Yuan Dynasties was the largest,followed by Ming and Qing Dynasties.2.Dosage form of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum.The internal prescription of armeniacae semen amarum is mainly decoction,pill,boiled powder,powder and ointment,among which decoction is the most common.External formulations are rich,mainly ointment,with liniment,cake,fumigant,eye drops,etc.3.Dosage of armeniacae semen amarum.Through the dose statistics and dose grading of decoction,powder and boiled powder of armeniacae semen amarum,the results showed that the amount of prescriptions containing armeniacae semen amarum was the largest in the range of 10-37.3g.It was found that the dosage of decoction,powder,boiled powder of armeniacae semen amarum in treating cough,asthma syndrome and cold was less than that in treating apoplosis.The dosage of powder of armeniacae semen amarum is light and the dosage of boiled powder is large.The dosage of armeniacae semen amarum in large prescription is light,and in small prescription is large.4.The compatibility of armeniacae semen amarum.The statistical analysis of the drugs commonly used in the internal prescription of armeniacae semen amarum showed that the most commonly compatible drugs of armeniacae semen amarum were ephedra,poria,ginseng,orange peel,pinellia pinellia,platycodon grandiflorum,scutellaria,etc.The commonly compatible drugs are Qi tonifying and spreading cold drugs,cough antiasthmatic drugs,heat-clearing and phlegm-reducing drugs,Qi regulating drugs,etc.Flavor of drugs often combined with armeniacae semen amarum maily are Xinwen or bitter cold.The drugs commonly used in the external prescription are angelica sinensis,frankincense,myrrh,rhizoma coptis,light powder,angelica dahuricae,chuanxiong,etc.,and the drugs commonly used in the external prescription are successively poison and insecticide and antipruritic drugs,blood activating analgesics,poison and muscle removing drugs,heat and dampness removing drugs,etc.5.The indications of armeniacae semen amarum.The most common indications for internal prescription containing armeniacae semen amarum include cough,cold,stroke,edema,lung carbuncle,throat irritation,deficiency,constipation,etc.,while the most common indications for external prescription are ulcer-ulcer,ulcer-swelling,malignant sore,hair on the back,various psoriasis,dark spot,red eye,etc.6.Compatibility regularity of common diseases of armeniacae semen amarum.The most frequent symptoms of cough,asthma,edema,stroke and cold were analyzed in detail,and the symptoms were measured with medicine.Ten commonly used compatibility combinations of armeniacae semen amarum were selected for specific analysis,such as armeniacae semen amarum-ephedra;armeniacae semen amarum-platycodon grandiflorum;armeniacae semen amarum-ginseng;armeniacae semen amarum-fritillary mother;armeniacae semen amarum-poria cocos;armeniacae semen amarum-rhubarb;armeniacae semen amarum-magnolia officinalis;armeniacae semen amarum-ginseng;armeniacae semen amarum-areca nut;armeniacae semen amarum – citrus.Conclusion:1.The toxicity of armeniacae semen amarum has existed objectively since ancient times,but through reasonable processing,appropriate dosage,appropriate dosage,reasonable compatibility can achieve the purpose of reducing the toxicity and increasing the effect.2.The effects of armeniacae semen amarum in ancient literature include reducing qi and resolving phlegm,relieving cough and asthma,regulating qi with broad chest,reducing swelling and moistening intestines and relieving constipation.For external use,it can kill poison,cure sores and stop itching,moisturize skin and beautify face.It has good curative effect on head and face sores.Further research should be done into the efficacy that existed in ancient times but lost in modern times.3.The dosage of armeniacae semen amarum are different according to different diseases and dosage forms.The dosage in boiled powder and decoction is large than powder,and the dosage in stroke than cough,but most of all over the dosage in China pharmacopoeia in the recommended dose(5-10 g),suggested that the dose of armeniacae semen amarum should increased appropriately in clinical use.4.The drug law of armeniacae semen amarum is mainly reflected in the compatibility with different types of drugs,through reasonable compatibility can achieve the purpose of safe medication.Compatibility with antisuperficial drugs can enhance the effect of dispersing cold,compatibility with tonic drugs can enhance the effect of regulating qi activity,compatibility with the drugs of clearing heat and eliminating phlegm or relieving cough and asthma can enhance the effect of relieving cough and asthma,compatibility with the drugs of clearing damp and promoting diuresis can enhance the effect of apocatastasis,and compatibility with cathartic drug or laxative drug can enhance the effect of relaxing bowel,et al.According to the patient's constitution,the severity of the disease syndrome,the key to ensure the curative effect is to grasp the medication criteria of bitter almond(good variety,proper processing,reasonable compatibility,appropriate dosage,and proper decocting and taking). |
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