Distance Of Watching--A Historical Survey Of The Tunpu Culture In Central Guizhou

Among the number of regional culture phenomena of Guizhou, Tunpu culture is undoubtedly one of the most distinctive. Even in the whole of China, being a special carrier linking history and reality, Tunpu keeps characteristics worth concerning and studying.In fact, the forming process of Tunpu culture is the process of the immigrants'localization and culture re-construction in the new complex natural and human environments of the emigrated place of Guizhou. The unique military system of Guizhou in the Ming Dynasty was a product of the national policy and met the need of resource allocation at that time. Northern troops moving to the south, troops stationing and farming in organic unit and the troop hereditary system enabled the social structure to be militarization and agriculturalization. But as the time goes on, especially after the abolition of organic unit in the Qing Dynasty, the social structure had undergone unprecedented changes in which the fate of the military immigrants and their descendants were deeply affected. It is noteworthy that, with the moving in of the immigrants, as the will of the state, the culture of Jianghuai area and other quite well-developed regional cultures were able to spread into the boarder land so as to become the essence of the culture of the emigrated area which keeps localization and forming new ethnic cultures.The study of Tunpu culture is based on such a crisis that the Tunpu society which was an ideal style of farming community either from the material aspect or from the spiritual aspect is de-constructing. The environment including the soil has undergone and is undergoing profound and irreversible changes. The study of Tunpu culture has been concerned because of its uniqueness and being a good example of cultural localization. Topics of onflicts, deconstruction and reconstruction, edge and centre are studied.Moreover, topics of how local cultures value itself and be more internationalized, how to survive in the globalized context are interested by scholars in different countries. While respecting the diversity, commonality is also important because it allows the fulcrum to be close to each other and promote the acceptance and respect to difference.Using methods of historical, phenomenon analysis and text studies, from the historical and cultural perspectives, this dissertation attempts to analyze and study some key points of the Tunpu culture such as the origin of Tunpu people and Tunpu culture, time and space in which Tunpu people were formed, Guizhou organic unit and stationing troops in the Ming Dynasty, historical evolution of Tunpu settlement, branches of Tunpu people and the culture identity, etc.In the foreword, this thesis discussed the basic concepts and significances of Tunpu cultural studies, proposed that compared with many civilizations disappeared, Tunpu culture is still amazing for us to feel its temperature and pulse of life, this is really an amazing phenomenon, although it is constantly speeding to the disappearance. Perhaps precisely for this reason, it has been endowed with some urgency and timeliness to respect, face and research it. As a process of native civilization, Tunpu cultural studies possess strong practical significance to the current Tunpu region.In the chapter one, on the basis of the historical data and many research results, this thesis attempted to distinguish and structure the source of Tunpu and Tunpus appellation, summarized the Tunpu distribution area and phased results of Tunpu cultural studies, and proposed some basic idea which should be used in Tunpu cultural studies.In the chapter two, this thesis orderly studied the formation of Tunpu in central and entire guizhou before the Ming Dynasty, emphatically discussed the relation between Guizhou organic unit of the Ming Dynasty and the formation of Tunpus', indicated that it was the political and military needs of the early Ming Dynasty, mainly the wide ranging existence of Troops Moving from the North to the South and Immigrants Transferring from the North to the South during the Hongwu Years of the Ming Dynasty, formed the most core subject of early Tunpus'. In the Ming Dynasty, Soldiers of Guizhou organic unit absconded numerously, later in the Qing Dynasty, land of Guizhou beset by war continuously, however, Tunpu region in Anshun be always endless, it's the result of mutual intersection of geographical and historical environment in the process of social change.In the chapter three, this thesis proposed that Tunpu culture originated in Anshun of central Guizhou with several features as abnormal time, abnormal place and abnormal form. This thesis studied the reasons of why the region ultimately formed Tunpu navtives concentrated in one prefecture three organic unit of Puding county while Guizhou existed twenty four organic unit in the Ming Dynasty, proposed that current Tunpu natives are actually formed in the mid and late Qing Dynasty, indicated the external and internal factors for long term standing of Tunpu culture in central Guizhou.In the chapter four, this thesis analyzed the concepts to govern the family and rule the state of Tunpu natives by cases studying of several Tunpu families, indicate that on the basis on full integration with geopolitical environment, Tunpu natives abide traditional culture and integrate actively into the traditional social. From the Tunpus', we can notice surprisingly that the vitality of traditional Chinese culture be saved and demonstrated abundantly among the folks, that's the irreplaceable protection to the long term standing of the super stable structure in traditional agricultural society.In the chapter five, this thesis attempted to sort out some feature cultural items in Tunpu culture, studied dialect, faith and etiquette of Tunpus', the main purpose of the research is to discuss various relationships between Tunpu culture and resource culture, geopolitical environment, cultural environment, social change.In the chapter six, this thesis focused on Dixi drama. Separating Dixi drama into one specific chapter, is due to its specificity and importance in the Tunpu culture. Dixi drama is a special drama form in Tunpu region, besides the obvious function for exorcism and lucky storage, Dixi drama is also the visual carrier to construct Tunpus'ethnic history.This dissertation concludes that, as a survived cultural community, the Tunpus'contribution is that they skilfully and faithfully combined the cultures of the birth place and the emigrated places while balancing between timely developing and adhering to the birth place's culture so as to form an unique cultural community. The Tunpus are living right around us. We expect that their social position and status will be reserved. Not only to be described, wrote and discussed, but also can they take an initiative look on their history so that they can actively face the past, the future and become the controller and inheritor of their own culture, become the link and bridge of their past and future. Only in this way can nowadays'Tunpus actively face their cultural genealogy of six centuries and reserve the essence of their cultural tradition of inherent. They've got to fully carry forward these fine traditions to construct the Tunpu community into a more modern and optimistic one.Therefore, study of the Tunpus and the Tunpu culture is not only valuable culturally and historically, but also for the reality and the future.