The Eastern Miscellany And The Dissemination Of Sccialist Thought In China

Since China was forced to be opened and with the declination and collapse of the Qing dynasty,'where should China go?'had become the key point for the creative Chinese people to think and solve the problem of the China. In association with this is that when Chinese people observed other countries, especially after the failure of the Hundred Days Reform, when large-scale out of the country, whether reformists Kang, Liang, or Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionaries, who saw the western developed countries are not as perfect as originally thought, i.e., the capital system of developed countries of the Europe and America had been with much illness, especially the confrontation between capital and labor led to the successive labor movements, which expected the social revolution to come very soon. With the main trend of social development as the background, Chinese intellectuals chose the road of socialism when cogitating the fate and future of China. From then on, the term "socialism" became popular word for Chinese people. This not only demonstrates that there were many and many people who advocated and promoted socialism among leading figures in the academy of thinking in recent China; in contrast, there were few people who were against socialism.What this author discussed is an old topic. Just as what the title indicated, the topic in the dissertation is why China chose the socialism during democratic revolution. In this regard, the research achievements are fruitful in the study of Chinese communist party history, China's revolution history or Chinese Thought history. This dissertation studies the Eastern Miscellany, and focus on the discussion of the interpretation of intellectuals on the socialism and the cognation on activities of the Soviet socialist building in the first half of the 20th century, that is, the period of democratic revolution. First, the Eastern Miscellany started in the year of 1904 and stopped in the year of 1948, which rightly covers the time frame in which this dissertation studies. This provides extensive study materials for this study. Second, up to now, the studies by the academia of the rich thought of the Eastern Miscellany, especially its history of thought is not deepened, when considering its far-reaching social influences at that time. Last, the intellectuals who always keep their own unique opinion, style and characteristics towards this journal also have their own understanding of the socialism. Therefore, to study the changes of Chinese socialist thought since recent China cannot detour the Eastern Miscellany.To explore the road of China's social development and self-liberation of Chinese people is the starting point and inner drive of the intellectuals who around this magazine. Therefore, the notion of "China has to choose the socialist road" is not only the leading voice of the Journal but also the common understanding of that time. However, they cannot reach an agreement on the understanding of what the socialism is and how to build the socialism, which is reflected in the different scholars around the Eastern Miscellany launched on the theoretical discussion and contention. This rightly highlights the importance of socialist thoughts in the history of recent. China ideology. Therefore, this dissertation focuses first on the Journal's interpretation of various socialist schools, which constitutes theoretical part of the thesis-On the Schools and Theory of Socialism; second, it is today we cherish the idea of a valuable resource that scholars around the magazine on the two ruled areas of the People's Livelihood-an average of land ownership and regulation of capital-the practice and theoretical assessment and the causes and effects after the October Revolution in Russia gradually diverted to the twists and turns of economic policies especially the pros and cons of the different interpretations of the Soviet model of socialist planned economy. It can be said that it provides Historicism and a rich cultural resources for understanding the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics initiated by Deng Xiaoping. This is the main contents of the paper to be discussed-Reflections on the practice of socialism.This dissertation is made up by six chapters.The 1st chapter makes an introduction of the academicians'interpretation of the basic socialist theories of Marxist School, such as the historical materialism, surplus value, class struggle, proletarian dictatorship and the grasping of the trend of capitalist development on the Eastern Miscellany. Sorting out and commenting on these issues provides us another picture of the spread of Marxism in China. The results of this study, we can hope to grasp a panoramic view of the spread of Marxism in China in one hand. On the other hand, it provides a theoretical guarantee to be better serve the socialist modernization through learn from history lessons from the process.The 2nd chapter illustrates the scholars'comments and analysis of Guild socialism and introduces its countermeasures towards the socialism discussion which happened in China. Although the Guild socialism in the Chinese socialist history of thought is short-lived, the scholars'introduction and assessment of the basic principles of Guild socialism, such as autonomy, function of fundamentals can not be denied. It is the significance of national enlightenment and it is coincident with the theoretical demands of the democratic republic. It will even also provide some theoretical references for political system reform of socialism with Chinese characteristics today.The 3rd chapter circumfuses the understanding and defining of Chinese anarchists towards socialism and focuses on the discussion of Mr. ShiFu, the epitome of anarchists' hecklings towards Sun Yat-sen's the Principle of the People's Livelihood and the interpretation of anarchism. Anarchism and socialism of reformist and revolutionaries are the three pillars of Schools of Chinese socialism in early 20th century in China. To promote the socialism in reformist is to reject the social revolution and in revolutionaries is to avoid social revolution, then, a number of early Chinese anarchists denies the capitalism's future in China. So, it has important significance in the history of socialist thought in China. Before the large-scale introduction of Marxism, it can be said that Chinese anarchists are leader of socialism even scientific socialism in China.The 4th chapter focuses on the Journal's interpretation of Sun Yat-sen's two guiding principles, i.e., Equalization of Land Ownership and Temperate Capital and the comments and analysis towards the National Government's administrative policies. People's Livelihood is certainly not scientific socialism and overcrowded the factors of "subjective socialism". It can be said that Sun Yat-sen was propagandist and enlightenment who against the practice of scientific socialism in China, he did not like Marx derived socialism from the contradiction between productive forces and production relations, and not observed the historical destiny of capitalism from the basic contradiction of capitalism. Therefore, it is impossible that there is a wholly owned social production of a single share of ownership model, but only want to use some of public ownership to correct the shortcomings of private ownership. In this sense, the increment public ownership on the basis of the limited public ownership is the core of socialist ideology of Sun Yat-sen, but it does not cross a range.The 5th chapter discusses the Oriental Journal's cognation on the history between Soviet Union's October Revolution to the implement of New Economic Policy. The focus is on the interpretation/understanding of the reason of implementation, contents and nature of Lenin's new policy and its influence on China.The 6th chapter combs the Oriental Journal's description of the trend of capitalist economic development after the 1st World War. It focuses on the study and discussion of its influences on the Soviet Union's socialist plan economy and briefly makes an introduction of the Journal's evaluation of Hayek's opinion in his "The Road to the Slave"This dissertation weighs the future of socialism in China during the period of democratic revolution; however, it also provides substantial instruction on China's current socialist building, reforming and developing. When only some notions of classic socialism, for instance, the plan economy and single public ownership dropped out the historical platform, can they have the integrated research objective and independent academic study value. From this point, they just emerged on the front platform of theory study and become a prominent subject. To deeply explore and critically study the socialist thoughts embraced in the Eastern Miscellany, in the opinion of this author, constructs the basic requirement for our current thoughts, because the development of thoughts and its transcendence is subject to the refection, criticism and learning from the previous generations.Viewing from the origin of the theory, both Sun Yat-sen's the Principle of the People's Livelihood and Mao's new democracy theory provide the resources of thoughts for the Deng Xiao Ping created socialism with Chinese characteristics which the logical results of the development of China's 20th century political thoughts. When viewing it in a larger background, the new economy policy created by Lenin can also be regarded as the "original point" of Deng's socialism with Chinese characteristics. Speaking from this meaning, the Eastern Miscellany provides great reference meaning for the understanding of Lenin's new economy policy, Sun Yat-sen's Principle of the People's Livelihood and the socialism with Chinese characteristics. Form the meaning of activities, the market-oriented reforming over thirty years finally established the objective of socialist market economy. This is not only the radical change of traditional mode of socialist building, but might also be the biggest'modification'of classic socialism in the foreseen future, which also starts from the criticism of the mode of socialist planning economy. Furthermore, the discussion by the Eastern Miscellany of the gains and loss of Soviet Union's five-year plan and socialist planning economy is likewise a great treasure, of thought resources and spiritual wealth, which deserves to be explored more and valued. Therefore, through the exploration of related socialist and left-wing literature published on the Journal, the exploration of dissemination of socialism in recent China and the reflection on the socialist activities—mainly refers to the Soviet Union's mode of socialist plan economy, has the significant academic values and actual meaning.This dissertation focuses on the text combing in combination with the comparative study. The reason is that, first, to explore and comb the text of socialist thoughts in the Eastern Miscellany is still a blank needed to be filled up; second, most of the discussions are the old topic. Therefore, this dissertation mainly puts the oriental scholars in that historical background and makes comparative study of the different understanding of the same objective or the dispute focus between the early Marxists and oriental scholars to pursue the "differences in commonness" and the "commonness in the difference", find the reason of the different understandings and its reference meaning for today. Furthermore, this dissertation makes concrete analyses of concrete problems, puts the issues on that historical background and only discusses these issues themselves. We should not be overcritical with the previous scholars and at the same time it is also not appropriate to abruptly to deny them based on the current understanding. However; this doesn't repel the comments on and analysis of the socialist thoughts contained in the Journal with the current understanding of socialism.