Research On Carved Opera In The Late Ming Dynasty

Since the mid Ming, with the social economic structure adjustment, the emergence of capitalism sprouting, city handicraft industry, textile industry and agricultural industry has gradually developed, and as a result of land and water transportation routes to development, national commercial trade also gradually increased, and city business was booming in late Ming. At the same time, the corrupt feudal grow with each passing day, the emperor on the cultural, ideological field control continued loosening and weakened, coupled with the rise of Wang Yang-ming philosophy and widely spread, the patriarchal ethics, moral damage and dismemberment greatly, the force of anti-Confucianism, criticized the feudal rebellious sprit. Emancipation and active thinking led to the idea of literature and literary status changes, making the repressed since the early Ming, clamped drama, novels and other popular literature at this time leaped into juxtaposed with traditional Confucian classics, drama literary creation ushered the peak, writers and works start popping up, drama performance and appereciation into daily entainment in all walks of life.Thanks to the commercial prosperity and ideas liberation in late Ming, contributed people to enjoy the social daily encyclopedia and spiritual needs, opera literature as a reflection of the real life and emotional life of consumer products naturally become the object of publishers'favored. Because no worries about the source, plus the paper, ink, pens and publishing industry is closely related to height of the industry development, bookshops to emerge, drama inscribing as a spectacular view.The dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming engraved not only a large number, and because of the ages, a lot of rare books, called orphan, rare books. especially valuable is, the dramas themselves left a lot of vivid language, rich content of the data, from which not only can be recognize the lord, address, business scope, bookshops'sale model, layout, illustrations and prints, the price of books and other information, but also can see the history of the late Ming from the commercial publishing house knitting, moment, printing, marketing for the integrated management mode to print and sales division To modern people study the history of the late Ming bookshops, drama publishing communication history, social business history, the history of theatrical criticism of literature, history and other rheological opera style prints provide a lot of first-hand information, has important historical and academic values.This paper uses two way to case studies and data textual combination of methods, from a cultural point of publishing explore the various manifestations of the late Ming Bookshops issue in the field of drama printed, make a full reveal on the bookshops which play a significance and role in the development of communication in the history of opera literature.The upper part is monographic study of the dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming. The first chapter: the editorial, sales, advertising and others about the dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming. Section one is the edit and sale's channel injury of drams printed by bookshop in late Ming, Bookshop owners are deeply in literature or writing practice, or hire layer writers whose officials did not prosper to improve the editing quality dramas'text, accelerate the system specification of drama literature, and use "sound annotation justice point board" type,"the interpretation and assessment questions "type, and" textual criticism" type,"pure criticism" type, such as four flexible and diversified sales channels, expanded edition of the opera sales, enhance the popularity of opera entertainment socialization. Section two, advertising type and function of the late Ming opera engraved Square. The bookshops in late Ming carrying out advertising style is various, mainly have two basic types, title, cover page, general language, remember, cards, illustrations, appendix such as inner text form, the owner entrust friends promotion of external market mode. These advertisements has four main functions:pass the functions include:emphasize on quality awareness, strive to build and spread the entertainment culture consumption hot spot and fashion, guide the preliminary specification of the copyright consciousness, expand channels for contributions. They vividly reflects the commercial awareness and business strategy of the late Ming bookshop owners, is an important perspective of the late Ming dramas spread and popular culture consumption. Section three, analysis of piracy and fake in dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming. The bookshops in operas print and issue process, to obtain manuscript sources, seek profits, using a variety of pirated and fake measures. Common way of piracy:carve another edition, not replacement illustrious tag source; the works of others changed names, posing as a new publication; the works of others to himself for publication. Common fake measure: buy the old operas version, modify the copyright agency, pretend to be new book; acquisition of operas residual version, shovel, supplement old moment, change another title to issue; forge famous preface, commentary and pictures.The second chapter. The creation of the pictures in dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming. The late Ming herein, especially WanLi(??), TaiChang(??), TianQi(??), ChongZhen(??) four dynasties, because there is only four months of TaiChang, and dramas of this dynasty existed very few, the style characteristics like WanLi i(??) style prints. This chapter discusses on WanLi i(??), TianQi(??) and ChongZhen(??). The first section:The creation rheological and other of drama illustration printed by bookshops of WanLi(??) period-in "Jade Hairpin". Select the "Jade Hairpin" for example, because its versions throughout WanLi(??)'s before, during and after three stages, can better reflect the style of the typical rheological printmaking this period. Through the "Jade Hairpin" prints investigation found that the drama art style will flow over time, from the initial stages of visual presentation stage performances gradually evolved into the development stage of the story characters and decorative balance, to the landscape scene general signs of poetic expression advanced stage; but there is also the same period of great style differences and painters misunderstandings poems meaning and make a casually create artwork phenomenon. The second section:A new trend among TianQi(??) and ChongZhen(??) drama printmaking-take "The West Chamber" illustration centered. Choose to "The West Chamber" as the center, because the versions of "The West Chamber" are much more than any other single script of this period, and the creation of new forms of printmaking by the Inter-opened it also occurred in other types of works of arts, heralding a new generation of a print style and development. This section examines the "framework for the design change,""The West Chamber" illustration,"decorative pattern fill" and "further change the theme of" the three aspects discussed new trends in this period drama printmaking.The third chapter: The shift and change of drama woodblocks of bookshops in late Ming. Bookshops besides self manufacture the woodblocks, they also use other bookshops'woodblocks to print again, after different degrees of modification This chapter had only bookshops in late Ming, but considering the beginning of Qing, the shift and change of drama woodblocks of bookshops is still more frequently, and most of the original woodblocks were manufactured in late Ming, so while the discussion, the beginning of Qing will be included as an integral. This chapter on the basis of the literature reading and the actual project experience, reference of the predecessors and existing results, tease out five operating modes of the drama woodblocks'shift and change of Ming and the beginning of Qing's bookshops:1, surname bookshops co-edition woodblocks interoperability;2, bought previous woodblocks, change copyright colophon;3, split each previous woodblocks, dubbed the new title;4deleting legacy preface, appendices, modify the volume side, note cards;5, change the original shovel, rename the title.The fourth chapter:Bookshops of late Ming and dissemination of diversified relationship drama-centered on the "Jade Hairpin" dissemination are discussed. As the drama of life "performance" in the late Ming drama history left a glorious mark, but because of the lack of preserving technical equipment, it can never be reappear. Moreover, the desk spread was dominated in spread of drama literature in late Ming actually. Select chapter to "Jade Hairpin" as the center, tries to five aspects of "Jade Hairpin" script publication, from opera anthologies, stage performance, adaptation and amuse as object of study, from the textual transmission and stage performance, discusses the bookshops of late Ming plays important role in the process of drama spreading diversification.The next part is focus on the drama literature textual research, with "directory of provincial drams printed by bookshops in late Ming". This paper investigates the bookshops from WanLi(??) first year (1573) to ChongZhen(??)seventeen years(1644) of72years, Nanjing(??), Suzhou(??), Huizhou(??), Hangzhou(??), Huzhou(??), Shaoxing(??), Ningbo(??), Fuzhou(??), Jianning(??), Zhangzhou(??), Jianchang(??), Fuzhou(??) and other places has published dramas at least159, printed ChuanQi(??)472, ZaJu(??)636, QuXuan(??)41, occupy90%of the known total numbers of Ming. The directory include the bookshop, owners'name, the main surname and born address, marking the drama name, volume number, inscribed era layout line models, prefaces and postscripts colophon, licensing remember illustrations, collections or copying data sources, as well as cataloging the drama that documents may levy and now disappear, each word must as far as possible evidence, practical and reliable. Meanwhile, supplement or amendment the mistakes of the engraving dictionary, ancient catalog or opera treatise written by scholars which focus on the dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming, provides detailed literature basis for future generations to research bookshops or dramas versions of Ming.Appendix two articles, one is the catalogue of dramas printed by private in late Ming, which examines the different provinces from WanLi(??) first year (1573) to ChongZhen(??) seventeen years(1644) of72years, with added drama provided the pomp of the late Ming; the other is the examples of erros in description of dramas printed by bookshops in late Ming, from the error of volume, title, printer, print time, the two kinds of false for a book, a book false for two kinds, latter copy false for photocopy, priner mistakes for writer, mixed by mistake, and the mistakes of other aspects, review of the current academia errors in description of dramas printed in late Ming. it is a text research and summary of related items with "directory of provincial drams printed by bookshops in late Ming".