On Productive Criticism

The production criticism refers to the text as a polysemous body containing a large number of contradictions, ambiguity in order to explore the implication deep into the text through reading and criticism. That is, to seek for the production process of the text from its discourse organization, incoherence, ellipsis or absence of words. Therefore, the significance of criticism embodied by the "production" of the critics. This paper mainly explores the thoughts on the production of criticism of Western Marxist critics Althusser and Macherey and New Marxist critics Eagleton and Jameson in an effort to research the "production" of criticism.The first chapter deals with the general problems in the production criticism. The production criticism views the text as a contradiction and uncovers the things left unsaid in the text through going deep into the text and positively transforming the established things in the text. So, criticism is a job of production. First, the connotation of productive criticism mainly includes the production, process and practical reference. The "production" is not a material production, processing behavior similar material production but literature reading and criticism. This implies the existence of process between object and products produced. At the same time, literary criticism depends on the historical background of the literature, if we ignore the historical context or beyond the times to evaluate the literature, we will bring the inteipretation of the diaphragm or subversion of literary history. Second, the cause of the production criticism mainly includes three aspects, one is from the language to the discourse of the linguistic turn lead to powerful discourse pattern with the production of meaning in the reading and criticism, so as to seek creative understanding of criticism in the social history and power level; another is from text to text interpretation of the readers'reading paradigm transformation, emphasizing the reader to the text of the construction; the third one is from the new research pattern change of literature theory and the theory is no longer confined to a single work, but cross the boundary of literature, diffuse in various areas of the humanities and social sciences. Thus, the production criticism is reasonably interpreted in the reception aesthetics, cultural studies and linguistics. The second chapter is on the structure and production:the production criticism of Althusser. This part mainly explores how the text interpretation becomes the process of production by the structure exposure and revealing through the research the production criticism of Althusser. First, production:structure and meaning. In the view of structuralism,"structure" produces a reality, literature exists in the structure and symbol, looking for potential structure dominated surface phenomena, the decoding structure and symbols acquire meaning is the object of literary studies, so the relationship between "productive" means the structure and meaning, namely the structure of production, can produce significance. Structuralism opened production criticism. Second, the production of Althusser's criticism. Althusser succeeded Marx's "art production" to the philosophy domain conversion. From the fracture Marx science and ideology, Althusser reveals the deep in the surface structure of the text under the "general question" structure. The problems exist in the hidden ways, so the symptomatic reading makes it appear and become a production. This requires the recipient to read the works at starting from the outside into the centrifugal structure and be aware of the illusion and the deep ideology trait to produce the absent content.The third chapter deals with "centrifugal'" and production:Macherey production theory of Literary. Macherey absorbed Althusser's structuralist ideas, follow the logic of "production", the symptomatic reading for the practice of criticism, the theory of literary production after opening the structuralist poetics criticism. This part mainly focus on the text and the ideology of "centrifugal" structure, explore Macherey's literary production theory. First,Macherey's criticism of the traditional criticism. Macherey's literary criticism is to construct the "knowledge production" mode of criticism, the criticism is to borrow in accordance with certain production rules and procedures, make accord with the scientific rules of literature "products". To this end, he cleared the conception of traditional literature in a variety of non scientific elements and critical terms, including the theory of reflection, creation and the criticism of the critical interpretation of criticism. Second, the establishment and practice of Macherey production of criticism. On the one hand, the "centrifugal" structure is the production of critical scientific orientation. Macherey proposed that must give up the integrity and consistency of concept, incomplete and unfinished given special attention, it needs to explore how ideology into the text by means of language, text bring fracture internal, internal production function realization of the text, and abandon the criticism is equivalent to the wrong view of works in this process. In the eyes of Macherey, owing to the silence and the default, the text is removed from the ideology of the center, thus forming a text-ideology "centrifugal" structure, centrifugation is the inevitable result of literature production. Accordingly, production of Macherey built criticism reveals two elements:one is criticism combined with production, one is the criticism and works of phase separation, one is the relationship between literature and philosophy. Third, Macherey's text and ideology of the centrifugal structure analysis leads to the plural form of the text, the so-called "productive" refers to the reconstruction of discourse of the text, which produce second text words, showing a distinct tendency of structuralism. Of course, Macherey's production thought mainly refers to how to realize the processing of literature ideology deformation, reflect the tendency of formalism and neglect the construction of social factors which has been corrected by Eagleton.The fourth chapter is devoted to "formal politics" and production:Eagleton's theory of ideology production. This chapter mainly from "formal polities", explores the theory of ideology production. First, the literary form and ideology. Eagleton learned from the western Marx's concept of literary forms, establish a dialectical relationship between literature and ideology, not only criticized the formalism enhancement pattern, far away from the political criticism, and criticism of vulgar sociology weakened form, directly to find the content of ideology from the text approach, correctly handle the relationship between the literary form and ideology. Second, the formal politics criticism. Eagleton along Macherey's questions to think, to reveal the complex relationship between ideology and literary forms, will examine and ideological form content link, especially the relationship between form and ideology and production, forming a unique "formal politics criticism mode". The text and ideology, six elements of literature production structure to distinguish Eagleton, criticized the task is to reveal the ideology of the text mode of production, realize the inheritance and revisionist view of Althusser and Macherey. Criticism in the form of politics, Eagleton explores the ideological content:one is how to form elements into the text, a text production, is a literary form is how to realize the reconstruction of ideology, structure function and positive significance of play. The "formal politics" is not only a language skills and formal structure, but refers to the text of the social historical reality, this is the kernel of the production.The fifth chapter focuses on "political unconsciousness" and the production:Jameson's theory of text interpretation. If Eagleton is committed to exploring the text external factors through internal channels which project into the text to achieve the production of ideology, Jameson interpretation of the text in the text to achieve the target of internal. In the succession of Althusser on the basis of theory, Jameson will connect explanation to ideology history, politics, emphasized text production of social contradictions imagination or symbolic solution behavior, interpretation is to discover the "political unconsciousness" operation mechanism, containment strategy and ideological oppression social contradictions, historical and political desire, thus forming a new criticism strategies. First, the dialectical criticism of form. Jameson criticized the formalism, structuralism brings "language trap" basis, on the complex relationship between text and ideology, social and historical meaning, the dialectical view, mutual transformation between literary form and content and the dialectical concept, reflects the works produced by the social and historical context. Therefore, interpretation of the text, is the pursuit of form behind the cultural phenomenon of "history". Second, the text interpretation and ideology. Literary interpretation aims to pursue the text the meaning behind it, the new text understanding. In Jameson's view, interpretation as a powerful "Rewriting" according to a specific leading code to text with depth model re excavation results. Any criticism should be through the code conversion, the history of their own into the context, so the production refers to the relationship between symbol codes and history. So, Jameson put forward the task of critics is to find hidden text narrative factors of "political unconsciousness". Jameson explored the ideological mode of text interpretation to reveal the text contains social symbolic behavior from the "three concentric circles" strategy. So, the criticism is a kind of production. Of course, Jameson and Eagleton mainly have also formed their own characteristics in the criticism theory.The sixth chapter is on reflective trends of the production criticism. This part involves the production criticism's need for their function of reflection based on the fact that contemporary philosophy and humanistic thoughts has come into the so-called "post theoretic era", facing the logic fact of cultural diffusion. First, the ideological reflection. In the post theoretic era, ideology is replaced by the utility, and various discourse, literary conventions, rules, schema encountered deconstruction. Second, the reflection of literature existence mode. Literariness as a kind of invisible strength, so that all the narrative of history, philosophy, theology, the story is a literary language complex. Therefore, we should understand the issues of literature and ideology, literary production and cultural production, promotes the literary production and timely adjustment of the object of study in the culture theory and scope, in the play to realistic political criticism at the same time, face theory Chinese changes after tasting energy group. Third, reflecting on production criticism. By comparing the deconstructive criticism and the literary production, differences in form, aesthetic and political criticism of the inquiry, two and puts forward, on the one hand, to avoid the literary criticism in political, ideological expansion; on the other hand, pay attention to the aesthetic literature has the consciousness power, maintain an appropriate tension necessary in the aesthetic of literature and ideology, politics, seeking the greatest common divisor is to avoid criticism, effective strategies to extreme, simplification.Thus, the structure and meaning, discourse and text (intertextuality), form and politics, code and history become the kernel of the production criticism and the literary production mode which the four critics:Althusser, Macherey, Eagleton and Jameson have diligently strived after. This development model also conforms to the "outward" trend of the contemporary literary criticism from textual criticism to cultural criticism and from the form to the politics and history.