| Coal-mining industry of modern times dates back to the late Qing Dynasty.Since the 1870s,China’s first coal-mining industries of modern times were created by the factors,home and abroad,like Westernization Movement,the Qing government financial crisis,the introduction of western mining technology and the influx of foreign capital.The northeast modern coal industry started a little later,mainly from the Qing government "forbidden" policy.In the early 20th century,around the Fushun mining rights,there is an intense competition and game among China,Japan and Russia.At last,Japan squeezed out Russia Chinese mine owners and local government and finally occupied the Fushun mining exclusively.In 1907,South Manchuria Railway Corporation(hereinafter referred to as ManTie)officially took over Fushun Coal Mining.It meant the beginning of almost 40 years of colonial operation over "the No.1 mining of east Asia".In the 1930s,Japan’s ambition exposed completely.As a result,Japan’s wartime mobilization fastened,a surge in demand for coal,iron and steel and other material as combat readiness,Fushun coal mining highlighted value and strategic role which is an opportunity for development.Japan’s colonial management of Fushun coal mine,always stuck to the primary purpose of capacity expansion,grabbed resources and in production,management,a series of adjustment and improve the management level,Japan wanted to provide energy security for the expansion of the Japanese military and economic support.In its golden period of development,the new technology,electrical production,large open pit mining,power supply and communication were applied.The coal productivity has improved significantly.Sales highlighted the cost advantages,which quickly occupied the northeast,Japan,Korea and other countries even the international market.On the management,it optimized adjustment settings,"competition to promote the production" implementation of incentive mechanism.With the increasing of demand,technical advantages,efficient management and other favorable conditions,the Fushun coal mine’s production capacity reached 10 million tons in the middle of 1930s,which became the leading ultra large modern coal mining enterprises in East area.But this "modernization" of production was behind Japan’s predatory exploitation of Fushun coal mine,as well as brutal treatment of the miners’human flesh mining.After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7th,as the trade restrictions,labor reduction and other factors,the Fushun coal production and operation was declining,production capacity had declined year by year.In order to reverse the fading situation,Fushun coal mine adjusted on production,operation and management,which made five years development plan,strengthened the management of special workers,compulsory recruitment of labor and other means to seek to increase capacity and improve the performance,but it was in vain.After the outbreak of the Pacific War,with the shortage of supplies,labor shortages,workers’ resistance movement and other issues further intensified,Fushun coal’s production and operation went from worse to worse,even into a development dilemma,which was difficult to extricate themselves.The exploitation of Chinese miners can deeply reflect the colonial characteristics of Fushun coal mine.Japan ignored miners’ safety and lives.With the working environment of high strength and high risk,the miners was enforced under human exploitation policy through flesh and blood for resources,which led to frequent mining accidents,the death of tens of thousands of miners.With the double exploitation bullying of the colonists and the traitors,miners lived with low salary,living in extreme poverty.They were unable to guarantee the safety of their lives,not to mention the other legitimate rights,interests and reasonable demands.In a certain extent,the development of Fushun coal mine led to the development of relevant industries and regions.When Japanese run Fushun coal mining,they built residence,hospitals,parks,water supply and other public infrastructure in Fushun area.As the increasing of area population,the service industry obtained rapid development,which created favorable conditions for the formation and development of cities.However,Japanese did this completely out of the need to protect the business and stable production.In modern Fushun area,a small amount of "Modernity"is based on the "colonial" management of Fushun coal mine,which has become the"by-product" of the latter.Overall,as a part of Japan’s huge colonial economic system,Fushun Coal Mine in nearly 40 years’ operating history of colonial,it was unable to get rid of the influence of the change of the situation and the Japanese military constraints.Under the strong influence of external environment,the Japanese Colonial management of Fushun Coal Mine lacked the independence and the continuity.Furthermore,the "consciousness"and "non-subjective" contributed to the so-called local "Modernity",which in the final was aimed to serve the colonial rule. |
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