A Typology Study On Chinese And Turkish Word Order Based On Chinese International Education

The study of Chinese international education for international students require comparative studies of the Chinese language and the mother tongues of foreign students,and the similarities and differences between Chinese and other languages are explored through detailed comparison.Therefore,a comparative study of word order between Chinese and other languages is very important.Although there have been many studies on word order comparisons between Chinese and other languages,there are few studies on Chinese and Turkish word order and Turkish grammar.The word order of a language,especially the basic word order of a sentence,is an important parameter different from other foreign languages.Chinese is a language that uses word order as an important' grammatical device.Word order in Chinese is particularly important.Turkish is a typical morphologically developed agglutinative language,expressing grammatical relationships through morphological changes.Although there have been some comparative studies of Chinese and Turkish in the past,there are almost no word order involved.In fact,the features of word order in Turkish are not valued and fully revealed.On the basis of previous studies,this dissertation attempts to systematically describe the characteristics of word order in Chinese and Turkish using related theories of linguistic typology,mainly focuses on the basic word order,grammatical forms or functional units of Chinese and Turkish,word order of noun phrases,word order of verb phrases,etc.The basic rules of these orders are discovered and explained through the description of linguistic facts and the analysis of a large number of example sentences.As one of the important branches in the field of linguistics,linguistic typology has achieved considerable results in cross-language functions,categories,and word order.On this basis,this dissertation will help to systematize and deepen the comparative study of word order between Chinese and Turkish,and help to explore the characteristics of basic word order,grammatical forms or functional units of Chinese and Turkish,noun phrases,verb phrases and the cross-linguistic universe of word order,regularity and internal cause.It is hoped that this dissertation not only provides a reference for Chinese grammar teaching in the field of Chinese international education,but also provides language samples and materials for Turkish grammar research in China.The whole dissertation consists of seven chapters,as follows:The first chapter is the introduction,which introduced the research object,research significance,theoretical background and research methods of this dissertation,as well as the main problems to be solved.It also introduced the overall framework of this dissertation.The second chapter is the theoretical background and literature review.It summarized the previous studies of Turkish word order types and comparative analysis,reviewed the studies on Chinese and Turkish word order of foreign and domestic scholars.In addition,the research results of the word order comparison between Chinese and other languages were summarized and analyzed,the contributions and the shortcomings of previous studies were stated briefly.The third chapter describes the basic word order of Chinese and Turkish,that is,the relative word order between S,V,and O.Based on Implicational Universals of Greenberg(1963)and Branch Theory of Dryer(1992),the Chinese and Turkish word order parameters were examined one by one,part of Implicational Universals and Branch Theory were verified,the tendency of Chinese and Turkish basic word order were indicated.The fourth chapter is the comparison of grammatical forms or functional units between Chinese and Turkish.It mainly described and explained the morphological position of Chinese and Turkish.This includes prepositions,conjunctions,aspect markers,complementizer,plural markers(men),quantifiers(classifiers),articles(this,that,one),reduplication(nouns,verbs,adjectives),etc.Through comparative analysis,conjunctions,plural marks,quantifiers,aspect markers,articles and other syntactic positions in Chinese and Turkish are roughly the same.There are quite a lot of morphological positions of Chinese prepositions.Chinese prepositions come in the front of NP and VP,in the back of NP,and in the middle of NP and VP.Turkish prepositions are mainly before VP and after NP.In terms of overlapping,Chinese nouns,adjectives,and verbs have multiple forms;however,Turkish basically uses only AA to overlap,and its form is relatively single.The Chinese standard sentence is between the main sentence and the partial sentence,after the main sentence and before the partial sentence;in Turkish,the word order is completely reversed,using the "partial sentence+complementizer+ main sentence" structure.The fifth Chapter is the word order types of noun phrases in Chinese and Turkish.It mainly compared and described the word order between the head noun and the modifiers at the noun phrase.The word order related to noun phrases includes nouns and nouns,demonstratives and nouns,numerals and nouns,adjectives and nouns,possessives and nouns,relational clauses and nouns,plurals and nouns,etc.In Chinese and Turkish,the order structures of noun and noun,numeral and noun,adjective and noun,clause and noun,plural and noun are consistent,while demonstrative and noun,possessive component and noun structure are not consistent The comparison of the order structure of noun and noun(NN)could reveal that there is an internal rule of the order structure of noun and noun in human languages.It also pointed out that two implied similarities and a strong tendency are directly related to the basic word order of OV-VO.It showed that Chinese is consistent with the OV language,that is,using the structure of modifier-head construction.Demonstratives in Chinese tend to be prepositioned,and Turkish can be prepositioned or postpositioned.The possessive mark "de(?)" in Chinese corresponds to the possessive,preceded by a noun,and is deeply limited by vitality.In Turkish,there are two kinds of possessive forms:possessive and genitive.The possessive marker tends to be placed before the noun and the genitive marker is placed after the noun,and these two kinds of possessive markers can appear at the same time or can be used alone.Turkish possessive markers are not limited by animacy.Among various attributive and noun structures,Turkish presents a variety of permutations,but the regular word order is consistent with Chinese,conforming to the universal characteristics of human language,and meeting the principle of distinguishability and semantic proximity.The sixth Chapter deals with the word order types of verb phrases in Chinese and Turkish.It mainly compares and describes the word order between the head verb and the modifiers at the verb phrase.It includes the order of each conjunction,the order between adverbials and verbs,the order between prepositional phrases and verbs,the order between adverbial adverbs and verbs,and the order between noun adverbs and verbs(tool nouns,time nouns,place nouns,adverbial nouns,etc.).Both Chinese and Turkish follow the principle of chronological order and the principle of omitting the same object in the conjunction structure.There are two cases where two verbs are connected to the same object at the same time,and two cases where two verbs are connected to different objects.When the two verbs in Chinese and Turkish are connected with different nouns,Chinese uses VO as the "S+VP 1+NP1+VP2+NP2" word order as its normal,and Turkish uses OV as "S+NP1+VP 1+NP2+VP2" word order is normal.Chinese and Turkish are inconsistent in the order of prepositional adverbial phrases.Chinese prepositions tend to be first at sentence,and Turkish prepositions tend to be centered at sentence.The order of Chinese prepositional adverbial phrases does not conform to the characteristics of OV language or the characteristics of VO language.The Turkish prepositional adverbial phrase order satisfies the principle of centering the connection items,and the "NP+PP+VP" word order is the convention.In terms of the order of adverbial adverbials,Chinese and Turkish are almost the same.Almost all adverbs have the form of verbs,but only some adverbs are allowed to appear after verbs.When adverbs appear after verbs,some rules must be followed.In terms of order of noun adverbials and verb,although Chinese and Turkish noun adverbials can correspond,there are also differences.Nouns in Chinese can modify verbs in most cases,but in Turkish,except for time nouns as adverbials,other nouns can not directly modify verbs.Structure prepositions which are similar to prepositions can be used to modify verbs.Noun adverbials and verb structures are relatively stable in Chinese.Noun adverbials tend to use the form of verbs that precede them.In Turkey,time adverbials and place adverbs can be preceded by verbs or followed by verbs,which is more flexible.The seventh chapter is the conclusion and consideration.It summarized the main content of this dissertation,especially emphasizing the universals and rules between Chinese and Turkish word order.At the same time,the difficulties,the shortcoming,deficiencies,and follow-up issues to be explored in the future were stated.The final part of this dissertation are references.