Indonesian Politics In The Post Colonization Period(1945-1967)

This dissertation aims to discover the three phases of political transition during post colonization in Indonesia.For this objective,supportive data were sought and critically reviewed.The main question that this dissertation explores is how was the changing of politics in Indonesia from a parliamentary democracy to guided democracy?The sub-questions are,why was the system change?What were the breakthroughs/decisions during both systems?What risks were taken in implementing the decisions?How the decisions influenced Indonesia in the International arena?To scrutinize these questions,this dissertation broadens the very term of post colonization from the beginning of parliamentary democracy to guided democracy in Indonesia.This dissertation,then,constructs a clear of the process of political change in Indonesia.The majority of the novel's critical work on the subject endeavors to focus on the pros and cons of the democracy changing in Indonesia,analyze and lay down the theoretical foundations.This dissertation conducts a study of Indonesian politics from the post colonization era to examine the extent to which such political activities represent.The political turbulence of the instability,the resistance to neo-colonial norms,the country's existence as the pride of people,and the capacity to formulate a national identity are the primary focus of the current study.Post colonization is defined as the elimination of colonies.The context of modern historiography defined post colonization as the release of a colonized state from the colonialist's occupation—the post-colonization strategy developed after World War ?.The most intense wave of decolonization occurred between 1945-1960 in various regions of the colonies of Western countries,Asia and Africa.It was then followed by the period of post colonization as the post-independence period of new countries.In this thesis chose the post-colonization period in Indonesia from 1945-1967.The reason for choosing the period is that Indonesia entered a stage of change in the government system,which began after Indonesia gained its independence in 1945,full sovereignty from the hands of the Dutch government through the 1949 Round Table Conference up to the fall of Sukarno in 1967.In the post-post-colonization period,Indonesia experienced a change in the form of government from a parliamentary democracy to a guided democracy.Seven cabinet changes occurred in just nine years.Ups and downs of the situation in the country occur in the newly independent of Indonesia.The parliamentary democracy had been running since November 1945,marked by the rapid change of government heads and regional and religious-based uprisings.President Sukarno,who only played the role of head of State in the parliamentary system,increasingly-deplored the democratic path taken because it was considered to only lead to division and instability.This situation continued until post-1955 elections,where the conflict between the parties never subsided so that Sukarno intended to bury parties that only sought the interests of his group.This instability had disturbed the military who dealt with conflicts in the region and accused liberal democracy with a parliamentary system as the culprit.With the support of the military and other elements of political power,including the Indonesian Communist Party(PKI),such conditions prompted Sukarno to take the initiative to unite his people by declaring guided democracy.Through Decree of July 5,1959,Sukarno returned the constitution to the 1945 Constitution and thus changed the regime of power from liberal democracy to guided democracy.The political dynamics were also followed by changes in political configurations based on presidential systems.Guided democracy brought an obsession to reunite the strength of the fragmented Marhaen through the axis of the power of Nationalism,Religion,and Communism or NASAKOM.The word Marhaen refers to Sukarno,who created this word.He contributed most to raise this term into the political arena.Sukarno had long pondered or instead tried to understand about social classes in Indonesian society.At that time,he was struggling with theoretical issues.Sukarno coined the term Marhaen at the age of 20,occurring sometime in 1921.Sukarno lived in the city of Bandung that was known as an agricultural area.Each farmer works in his field.Its size did not exceed one-third of a hectare.This condition caught Sukarno's attention.He went to one of the farmers.A dialogue took place using Sundanese.In short,from the dialogue,Sukarno concluded:the farmer was working on his rice field(inherited from his parents).Using his tools,the productions were only to support himself or his own family(no surplus for sale),did not employ other people's labor,and had house-shaped hut owned by themselves.The farmer's name was Marhaen.This was the basis of the discovery of Sukarno's teachings:Marhaenism.It was a symbol of the rediscovery of the political personality of the Indonesian people.Alternatively,in other terms,theories are arranged according to the historical context and specificity of Indonesian society.In Marxist terminology,this may be commensurate with the term "petty bourgeoisie." However,Sukarno stressed the term Marhaen with the words "the destitute of Indonesia"who lived an inferior life.In its development,Sukarno began to include the proletariat as part of Marhaen Indonesia.In the 1960s,Sukarno mentioned that the Marhaens consisted of three elements:the Indonesian proletarian poor(laborers),the elements of the impoverished Indonesian peasants,and other elements of the impoverished Indonesian people.Political disputes played by party elites mostly caused the Marhaen mass divisions.So that the goal of national independence to create social welfare was far from reality.Liberal democracy only benefited the interests of groups and individuals,but the system mostly ignored the social welfare of the people.Guided democracy was a concept of Sukarno's political thought as the antithesis of democracy developing in the West.In Sukarno's political thought,the discourse of democracy was indeed relevant to the deliberative Indonesian people's culture.However,Sukarno considered the practice of democracy in Western countries had structural flaws.He considered Western-style democracy to only guarantee political freedom,but still provided ideological support for economic oppression.Therefore,Sukarno formulated the idea of socio-democracy,namely economic democracy and political democracy.Later,the idea was re-formulated as a model of state power,which he called guided democracy.In economics,this concept was called a guided economy.In practice,the two concepts turned out to be far from the ideal picture of Sukarno's political thought to realize social welfare.The political configuration of guided democracy was no longer able to balance competing political forces.This dissertation consists of six parts.The Introduction part provides a brief introduction to the topic by creating some contexts and study background,the research questions,methodology,the rationale statement,and the research gap.Chapter one examines the pre-guided democracy period(1945-1959),the shifting of Indonesia's government system,from a parliamentary democracy to guided democracy,which highlighted the birth factors of the guided democracy,and factors of the outsider.Chapter two explains the development of guided democracy.The guidelines,pros and contra of guided gemocracy,the emergence of NASAKOM concept,and NEFO-OLDEFO concept.Chapter three describes the social democracy and political development of guided democracy.The guided economy,Beacon Politics,the term for Indonesia's foreign policy at the time,the games of the new emerging forces.Chapter four showed the consolidation of guided democracy for Indonesia's development,highlighted the return to and validity of 1945 constitution.The last part makes the conclution.The findings showed that Indonesia politics in post colonization 1945-1967 could be framed three different phades according to the political activities.The Turbulence phade,the Resistance phade,and the Existence phade.The turbulence phade included the dissolution of the United States of Indonesia(RIS),parliamentary democracy implementation,multiparty system,provisional constitution 1950 implementation.The frequent cabinet changing,dominant parties hegemony,president functioned only as of the head of State.A Prime Minister as the ruler of the government,military's weak position,Sukarno-Hatta separation,internal/regional conflicts,and constituent failure.Resistance phade included President Decree 1959,return to the 1945 Constitution,Guided economy,hosting Asia Africa Conference,and join the Non-Aligned Movement.Guided democracy implementation,NASAKOM&Manipol USDEK indoctrination to be in line with Pancasila.NEFO-OLDEFO Concept,West Irian liberation,Beacon politics,megaprojects construction,hosting Asian Games ?,pioneering Games of New Emerging Forces(GANEFO).Indonesia withdrew from the UN,Jakarta-Peking Axis,and the CONEFO plan.The existence Phade included the validity of the Constitution 1945 as the Basis of All Laws of Republic of Indonesia,Validity of Pancasila as Official,Foundational Philosophical Theory of Republic of Indonesia.Moreover,West Irian officially becomes part of the Republic of Indonesia.Supremacy in International level sports events-Asian Games? and Games of the New Emerging Forces(GANEFO),having the iconic buildings,earning self-respect for entire people of the Republic of Indonesia.