Research On Sichuan-Tibet Transportation In Qing Dynasty

Sichuan-Tibet traffic in the Qing Dynasty was formed on the basis of the development in the past dynasties under the unique geographical environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.From Xi Yu Quan Shu written in the early Qianlong period to Xi Zang Tu Kao written in the late Qing Dynasty,except that the south road as a post road has been constantly supplemented with new information,the northern road and Songpan Heyuan road basically follow the records of marching towards the Tibet during the late Kangxi period and Yongzheng period,and the middle road is not recorded.Therefore,the local chronicles written in Chinese cannot fully reflect the panorama of Sichuan-Tibet traffic in the Qing Dynasty,and need to be supplemented by other historical materials.In general,the Sichuan-Tibet traffic in the Qing Dynasty took the south and north roads as the main line,and the middle road,Songpan Heyuan road,Zuogong road as the branch lines.After textual researching the road,heckling the post system and related institutions,the overall pattern of Sichuan-Tibet traffic is comprehensively displayed,and the historical process of its development and change is revealed.The road chapter describes the geographical environment and historical basis of Sichuan-Tibet traffict,including the influence of terrain,landform,mountains,rivers,climate and other factors on the traffic,and reviews the development process in the early stage,Tubo,Song Yuan and Ming Dynasty.Based on the historical materials in Chinese,Tibetan and foreign languages,this paper performs textual research on the road directions and the definite locations of more than 200 Tangxun and stations,recovers the roads,revises the relevant textual researches in the existing studies,and supplements some place names.Heckling the use of roads,it points out that most of the roads are important military and trade channels;especially the South Road was the main channel for officials,garrison,tributary ambassadors to and back,and for material transportation.The transportation vehicle and facilities are introduced.The post system chapter mainly discusses the Sichuan-Tibet post system and related institutions.It mainly includes:The development process of the setup of stations,abolition and reconstruction,changing Tai into Tang,gradual improvement,basic stereotypes,the establishment of Telegraph and postal services,and replacing post station with the postal service;The management system of the general management of Che Jia Qing Li Si of ministry of war and the subsection management of Sichuan and Tibet;The post transmission including Tang and Xun of green-banner troops,not many types of Yi,Zhan,Tai,Tang and Pu;The organization of the post station,such as the source and number of Tang soldier and the allocation of Tang horses;The expenditure standard of post station;The functions and regulations on official document delivery,official transportation,personnel reception and check;The abuses of post system such as molesting Tangzhan,dismantling official documents privately,and delivering documents substitute for soldiers,etc;The regulations and funding sources for road and facility maintenance.Relevant supporting institutions ensure the realization of the basic functions of the Sichuan-Tibet post system:the principles,standards,and mechanism of service of the Ula system;the regulations on the setting and the errand reception of the grain stations institutions.Sichuan-Tibet traffic strengthened the political,economic and cultural relations between Tibet and the hinterland,and promoted the ethnic communication and amalgamation in the Qing Dynasty.In particular,Sichuan-Tibet post system and related institutions were an important part of the Qing government's Tibet-governing system,as well as an important guarantee for maintaining stability in Tibet,strengthening border defense,and exercising sovereignty over Tibet.Sichuan-Tibet traffic was also restricted by multiple factors such as the natural environment,Ula fetter,jag-ba haunt,and disputes along the route.Therefore,it is of great strategic significance to establish a safe and stable traffic line.