| At the end of 1920s,Wang Hongyi,a powerful figure in Shandong Province,united with a group of people with similar interests,founded the " village governance monthly"in Beijing,aiming to implement the " village based politics" with Zhaicheng village in Dingxian County of Hebei Province and the village government of Shanxi Province as the basic model.This group of intellectuals was called“village governance school”.Under the integration of Wang Hongyi,the village governance school not only received the support of Lv Zhenyu,Liang Shuming,Ru Chunpu and other theoretical figures,but also received the practical response of local self-government activists such as Mi Digang,Liang Zhonghua,Peng Yuting,etc.,which made the trend of village governance gradually flourish in the whole country.Later,under the painstaking management of Liang Zhonghua,Liang Shuming and Sun Zerang,the village governance school echoed with other groups,and the rural construction movement rose one after another throughout the country.In the past studies,the“village governance school”was often carried out as an appendage of the " rural construction movement of the Republic of China",without tracing its origin or investigating its development process.There was no special study on the theoretical practice of the village governance school and its role in the transformation of rural society in modern China.The author intends to sort out the process from the origin to the peak and then to the silence of the village governance school,so as to make up for and correct the shortcomings and prejudices of the existing research results.At the same time,the author will put the village governance school in the long-term historical process of rural social transformation in modern China,sort out its academic main line,and compare it with the social reform of political party intervention and religious intervention,so as to explore Confucianism and mark The different features of rural social reform under the guidance of ideological theory and liberalism,and then observe the solution of rural problems in modern China under the tension of state power infiltration and grassroots social reform.The thought of village governance came into being under the background of social crisis in modern China.In the early 20th century,the decline of China’s rural areas was essentially caused by the impact of the new world order on Chinese traditional society,which is also the only way for any“late developing and exogenous”country to move towards modernization.In order to cope with the new situation at home and abroad,the government of the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China issued a number of local autonomy policies,trying to alleviate the social crisis,which gave birth to the early village governance experiments in three regions:Zhaicheng village governance in Hebei Province,village government in Shanxi Province and the establishment of the rehabilitation Bureau of Caozhou government.It is this social ecology that led to the emergence of the“village governance school”and its unremitting exploration of the way out for China’s rural areas.In 1929,Wang Hongyi,together with midigang and others,founded the village governance monthly,which marked the formal formation of the village governance school.As early as 1922,Wang Hongyi and Mi Digang got to know each other when promoting the implementation of Northwest reclamation,and reached an agreement on the understanding that " village autonomy is the key to solving China’s problems”.Zhaicheng village governance,in which midigang personally participated and led,provided a sample reference and theoretical reference for Wang Hongyi’s ideological system of“restoring national confidence”.In 1924,the two founded the“China Daily”in Beijing,calling for rural reform by taking villages as the unit,and put forward a plan for the founding of the country based on the implementation of village governance.However,under the current situation,the impact was extremely weak.In March 1929,with the support of Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang,Wang Hongyi gathered a group of theorists and social actlivists such as Mi Digang and Lv Zhenyu to call for " realizing revolutionism and restoring national spirit",and founded the"village governance monthly”,which was used as the base camp to study the theory of village governance and promote the implementation of village governance.Many schools,media and associations have responded,and the research and promotion of village governance has become a national trend.The radical evolution of democratic politics is the divergence of the idea of village governance.Lv Zhenyu’s change from“reform" to "revolution" and Peng Yuting’s "democracy" to " closure" are the two directions of the radical evolution of democratic politics." How to establish democratic politics"is an important content in the Manifesto of "village governance monthly".As the chief editor and main theoretical standard bearer of "village governance monthly",Lv Zhenyu initially positioned " democratic politics”as " village governance of three people’s principles",and advocated "non violent revolutionary construction",which is consistent with Wang Hongyi’s "national politics" and Mi Digang’s "democratic transmission of talents ".With the change of social situation and personal fortune,Lv Zhenyu began to turn from "improvement" to "revolution".He believed that the correct way to solve the rural problems was to launch peasants’ struggle and seize power through revolution.Peng Yuting advocated the implementation of local autonomy in Wanxi with " reduced three people’s principles".Later,under multiple pressures,he turned to a closed and authoritative local autonomy,which ended in failure.Different from Peng Yuting’s reduction of local autonomy in a local,closed and independent space,Lv Zhenyu emphasized more on solving rural problems in a broader overall social solution.The divergence between the two groups is just the radical evolution of the two opposite democratic political ideas.The logic of action and the practical behavior also have two different social consequences.The cooperation between Liang Zhonghua and Liang Shuming pushed the village governance to its peak.With the support of Han Fuju,Liang Zhonghua and Liang Shuming succeeded Wang Hongyi in initiating the "village governance”cause.First,Henan village governance college and Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute were successively established,and then Zouping,Heze,Jining and other experimental counties were set up.The tide of rural construction movement continued to rise.Liang Zhonghua was in charge of the organization and the end of rural construction.From the logic of social and people’s mind,Liang Shuming carried out theoretical construction and path design for the specific contents of“research”,"training" and " experiment".The theory of the village governance school has a wide range of practice areas,and spread its social influence to all walks of life in politics and business.The Ministry of interior of the national government took the social reform practice of the village governance school as a reference,and carried out the National County Government Reform Design and regional experiment.In this situation of political forces and social forces,the tide of rural construction is rising all over the country.The holding of the three national rural seminars marked the great development and upsurge of the rural movement,and the political influence and social prestige of the village governance group were growing.But in this vigorous and magnificent appearance,the entanglement between the realistic political instrumental rationality and the value rationality of social reform also surges and intensifies day by day.Under the strong penetration of political power,the social reform of the village governance group finally fell into silence.After the first mock exam of Heze,sun led the very fruitful reform of rural areas led by the“township peasant school”to promote social reform.This model was quickly promoted by Han Fuju in the province’s second regions to achieve effective control of rural grassroots society.The independence of the rural reform upheld by the village governance group has been completely dispelled.In 1932,the second National Conference on internal affairs established the experimental area of county government reform.On the basis of the original Zouping experimental county,Shandong provincial government set Heze as the experimental county for rural construction.Sun Zerang,a student and fellow of Wang Hongyi and vice president of Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute,went to his hometown to preside over the experiment.Sun lived up to people’s expectations.While dealing with the Yellow River flood,sun organized self-defense training for the people with " rural schools",and soon achieved remarkable results in local public security,rural economy,rural education,local autonomy and many other aspects.Seeing the excellent effect of social control from this reform mode,Han Fu Chuan ordered the establishment of rural self-defense training pilot area.Under the situation of Anti Japanese War,according to the three-year plan formulated by Liang Shuming and others,Han Fuju successively set up the administrative Commissioner’s office in the whole province.The governance area and social influence of Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute expanded rapidly,and the establishment of grass-roots intermediate organizations effectively restrained the spread trend of evil forces such as local tyrants,evil gentry and officials as bandits in rural society.However,the expansion of this region reflects the strong penetration of the government control system led by Han Fuju to the grass-roots society.After Han Fuju was removed from office,the new chairman of the government,Shen Honglie,abolished the Shandong Rural Construction Research Institute,and the members of the village governance group were divided into East and West.As a reference to the effectiveness of the reform of village governance,this paper examines the rural social reform under the control of the KMT with pure administrative power or religious cooperation,and explores the rural road of the Communist Party of China,including the early Haifeng peasant movement without political power and the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region reform with local administrative power.We can draw the following conclusions:no matter what kind of rural reform is in modern times Under the guidance of ideology,the effectiveness of the initial stage of rural reform is positively related to the degree of respect for local people’s ethical and emotional identity;the intervention of political power in rural reform is strengthened,and the instrumental rationality of political power coexists with the value rationality of rural reform,or the latter gives way to the former.The movement of rural construction has aroused great theoretical waves.In view of the theory and practice of the village governance school,a lot of criticism came Liang Shuming’s rural construction theory was inspired and influenced by Wang Hongyi,especially the idea of " opposing Europeanization and Russia,and restoring national spirit" is the inheritance and development of Wang Hongyi’s thought of" restoring national confidence".The view of " village governance is the foundation of national politics and social organization" has a high degree of consistency.Sun Fuyuan,a famous critic at that time,observed that " rural construction is necessary for the continuation of the general trend of the times and the country’s lifeline”,and described the rural construction movement and the five major movements to save the decline of the national economy in modern times.The voice of criticism mainly comes from three schools of thought:Eastern culturism,liberalism westernization and leftist economists.In the debate with these three factions,Liang Shuming still insisted that China’s problems must be solved rationally,that is,the road of rural construction,that is,adhering to the path of rural construction under cultural transformation,cultivating public awareness positively,improving rural organizations,and building a new social system with new morality.Liang Shuming’s theoretical quality of reform,rationality and independence in these debates corresponded to the insistence and defense of moral principles of the village governance school.In the 1920s and 1930s,the thinking and rescue of the Rural Crisis of the village school finally fell into silence.However,their discovery of the rural society is a beneficial attempt of modern China’s transformation from traditional society to moderm society.The theoretical exploration and social practice of the village governance School under the general direction of"restoring the national spirit and maintaining the inherent morality of rural autonomy”show the efforts of modern intellectuals to shape the nation-state and the impulse to create Chinese local modernity in a long time axis and multi-dimensional dimensions.Although this effort and impulse did not become the main theme of social development at that time,we can see the key law of rural social development and Reform in China more rationally by reflecting on this historical process.Firstly,respecting the people’s ethical and emotional identity is the basic principle of rural social reform;secondly,gradually implementing social regulation and control to maintain the relative balance between instrumental rationality and value rationality;thirdly,moderately distinguishing and keeping their own boundaries to realize the benign interaction between administrative forces and social movements.The insistence of the village school on Confucian ethics x still has its practical significance in the process of industrialization,urbanization,marketization and informatization.As Weber said,the real cause of the revolution lies in the role of a new spirit.The idea of“village governance group" was put forward under the marginalization of rural society at that time,and put into practice without all kinds of discord and shackles.This is a brave action against the current after rational examination.It is the greatest enlightenment of the village governing intellectuals such as Wang Hongyi,Mi Digang and Liang Shuming on the transformation of modern China. |
PDF Full Text Request