The Dual Construction Of Man And Society

The relationship between man and society has always been a core issue in the history of thought and a central issue in Marxism.Marx overcame the abstractness of idealistic historical view and the mechanical nature of old materialism,created a theory of human science centered on practice,and realized the revolution of human science in the history of philosophy.At the same time,Marx presented the diachronic development stages of human society from two perspectives of social production and social relations,through the various stages of the dialectical development of the relationship between people and society—the dependence of people,the dependence of things,the unity of individuals and classes,exploring the realistic path of human liberation.I will analyze the mutual construction of human and society from the following four aspects: the existence and essence of human beings,the existence and development of society,society shaping man and man constructing society,historical investigation and future prospect of the relationship between human and society.Human Existence and Essence.Marx's ontology of human beings contains four dimensions: the natural existence of life is the starting point of human beings,and nature bestows life on human,and gives people the materials of life existence;human beings carry out practical activities with the object of nature and take their essence as existence that the manifestation of the form confirms that human beings are the objects of practical practice;with the separation of "material labor and spiritual labor",human spiritual production has become more and more independent,and humans have become the main body and carrier of spiritual production,communication,and carrying(conscious spiritual beings);people continue to break through the "limit"(restrictions of nature and their own species)with conscious practical activities in pursuit of freedom,and then reproduce the entire nature,so as to achieve the unity of individuals and classes based on the reconciliation between humans and nature—human liberation,which confirms human beings as a universal free being.Marx's theory of human essence contains three dimensions: Marx puts forward the first dimension of human nature from the perspective of simple production and human development,that is,free conscious activity;concerning the human nature from the perspective of social production and social development,the second dimension is the essence of human reality,which is the sum of all social relations;and the third dimension of human essence is the humanspecies essence from the aspect of the future society's prescriptiveness and human liberation.Social Existence and Social Development Stages.Marx's social ontology manifests itself in two aspects: social relations and social production.Social existence starts with social relations and reproduces social relations through social production.With the continuous improvement of productive forces,social relations also develop and change.This change is a form of movement for social existence.Youth Marx alternately used the concepts of "class" and "society",deepened the understanding of social existence by arguing and breaking with young Hegelians,and incorporated the connotation of the concept of "class" into the concept of "society".Marx's idea of social subject overcomes the one-sidedness of liberal individual standard and realizes the unity of personal subject and social subject.The social existence as the subject is manifested in two aspects: social production and social relations.Social relationship refers to the social material conditions and the right to control.The social material conditions include two aspects of the means of production and the means of living.Social production includes three aspects: material production,spiritual production and population production.The production of social relations is a combination of the above three productions,and the transformation of social relations manifests itself as a process of social existence movement.The contradictory movement between the openness of social productive forces and the limitations of social relations has made the development of society appear in stages.Marx takes human development as the main line and divides social development into three stages: the stage of human dependence,the stage of physical dependence,and the stage of free personality.The three stages of social development follow the dialectics of historical development.The development of social productive forces is the fundamental driving force for social development,and the contradiction between the relationship between social productive forces and social production is the internal contradiction of social development.Society Shapes People and People Builds Society.Human survival and development depend on social resources and natural resources transformed by social resources.Society is a prerequisite for people in a natural state to become real people.Social existence shapes people through social production.From the perspective of the process of individual birth,growth,and disappearance,population production shapes people with a natural existence,spiritual production shapes people with a conscious spiritual existence,and material production shapes objectivity.Existing people,the production of social relations,shapes human nature."Real people" are the subject of social existence—both the subject of social relations and the subject of social production.Society is constructed by people.Each person is not only the "playwright" of his own society,but also the "player" in his society.People form many kinds of social relations in social production.The objectivity of these social relations comes from the level of social productivity.Therefore,people construct their own society in a certain social relationship above a certain level of social productivity.The process of man's construction of society is as follows: occupying natural resources in social relations,which not only meets the needs of his own survival and development,but also meets the needs of others,and provides the material foundation for social development;participating in struggles and alliances as group members,shaping social forms and promoting the continuous development of human society;transforming concrete material relationships into theoretical forms,criticizing or constructing ideology in spiritual production,integrating differentiated social interests,and maintaining the stability of social development;producing new family members in basic family relationships.Historical Panorama of the Relationship between People and Society.Material production is the basis of all production,and the production relationship is the "special ether" in all social relationships,which determines the fundamental attributes and content of the relationship between man and society.In the pre-capitalist society,the relationship between people and society is represented by the individual's dependence on the community,and the individual uses the community as an intermediary to achieve unity with the means of production.This unification requires two prerequisites: first,the means of production mainly depends on natural supply;and second,there must be a community that is a prerequisite for production,not a result of production.The individual's dependence on the community is manifested in three forms: the Asian form,the classical ancient form,and the Germanic form.The reasons for the individual's dependence on the community are: the tension between human existence and essence,the simple division of labor and joint labor,and the narrowness of the relationship.The development of private ownership leads to the disintegration of the community,the separation of workers from the means of production,and the end of the individual's dependence on the community.In a capitalist society,the relationship between man and society is manifested in the dependence of man on things.Capitalist production is driven by capital,and with the purpose of capital proliferation,it leads to the loss of human subjectivity and the brutal expansion of the material world,and the production and life of human beings are alienated: the alienation of communication leads to the "materialization" of consciousness,the alienation of need leads to the loss of human subjectivity,the alienation of production leads to the brutal expansion of the world of things,and the alienation of consumption leads to the loss of human value.Capitalist relations of production are increasingly unable to accommodate the ever-evolving social productive forces.The proletariat,which represents the requirements for the development of advanced productive forces,will seize power through violent revolutions,and will own the means of production in society.The social attributes of the means of production will overcome the capital attributes,unlock the yoke of the development of productive forces,and meet the needs of the development of productive forces.The sublation of capitalist private ownership is the same process as the return of human nature.Private property is the self-alienation of human beings,and the sublation of private property is the return of human nature at a higher level of productivity.Communist society,he relationship between human and society is the unity of individual and class.The real wealth is the developed productivity of the individual,and the measure of wealth is the free time.Social production in the personal aspects: productive labor and free labor.Production labor is no longer forced labor,workers are only supervisors and regulators of automatic machines.Free labor is the process of the birth and display of free personality.Individuals make full use of free time to develop their personality.The individual not only obtains the subject freedom relative to the nature,but also obtains the inter subject freedom relative to the other,realizing the unity of the individual and the class.