A Study On Kong Guangsen's Old Chinese Phonology

Kong Guangsen(1753-1786)was a famous scholar in the studies of old Chinese Phonology and Confucian Classics in the Qing Dynasty.He was the author of 12 volumes of Shishenglei and one volume of Shishengfenli.Kong studied with Dai Zhen and was influenced by Gu Yanwu and Duan Yucai in the study of old Chinese Phonology.The achievements of Kong widely recognized in the study of old Chinese Phonology include:eighteen rhyme groups of Old Chinese Rhyme Groups(nine ?Yin rhyme groups:vocalic-final categories and nine ? Yang rhyme groups:nasal-final categories),the separation of ? Dong group and ? Dong group,the independence of ? He group and ???? Yin Yang Duizhuan(crossover alternations between vocalic-final and nasal-final rhymes).This article carries on a multi-angle research on Kong Guangsen 's old Chinese Phonology,mainly from:combing the origins,clarifying Kong's inheritance and development of the previous research,highlighting his creation and characteristics;carefully analyzing,distinguishing and clarifying his research conclusions,further excavating his valuable implication;and summarizes his old Chinese Phonology ideas and his gains and losses,and then providing some references for the study of old Chinese Phonology.Delved from a meticulous comparison of the theories of Kong Guangsen with GuYanwu,Jiang Yong,Duan Yucai,Dai Zhen,Jiang Yougao,Wang Niansun,Yan Kejun,Zhang Taiyan,etc.,this dissertation conducts a comprehensive and in-depth discussion on Kong's old Chinese Phonology.It insightfully analyzes Kong's splits and mergers of rhymes on Tangyun and the classification of words,holds thematical discussions on the separation of? Dong group and ? Dong group,the separation of the ?? Rusheng-rhymes of ? Hou group and ? You group,the construction of ? He group,the dividing area of ? Qin group and ? Tan group,the rhyming connections between ?? Qusheng and ?? Rusheng,the mix of ? Zhen group and ? Wen group,the multiplicity of ? Zhi groups,the denial of the existance of?? Rusheng in Old Chinese and Kong's theroy of ?? Tongyun(the crossover rhyming between rhyme groups with similar main vowels and codas in the same category)and theory of?? Zhuanyun(Yin Yang Duizhuan).It also provides a comprehensive review and summary of Kong's approaches,materials,and methods of old Chinese phonology,Kong's thoughts,achievements,contributions and shortcomings of old Chinese phonology.The characteristics and innovations of this dissertation are:comprehensively combing the research and the achievements of Kong Guangsen's old Chinese phonology,placing Kong's old Chinese phonology research in the source of academic development for inspection,reviewing the evidence of Kong's conclusion,as well as summarizing and deducing Kong's research methods and the linguistic consciousness embodied in his old Chinese phonology.This dissertation consists of nine chaptersChapter One Introduction.The introduction briefly introduces Kong Guangsen's biography,academic experience and writings,reviews the previous research results of Kong's old Chinese Phonology,reports the value,idea and content of this research,and shows the materials and methods of this researchChapter Two The general theory of Kong Guangsen's old Chinese Phonology.Kong's old Chinese Phonology consists of five parts:the research on identifying Old Chinese rhyme categories,the relationship between rhyme groups,Old Chinese tones,the phonetic notation for characters and the rhyming rules of Shijing,which are closely connected and centered with the research on the relationship between the research on identifying Old Chinese rhyme categories and rhyme groupsSection one explores the approaches researching materials and measures in Kong's old Chinese Phonology.Kong applied the approaches used in the split and merger Tangyun rhymes to see Old Chinese rhymes and the classification of characters by phonetic connections.He used the rhyming rules of Shijing as primary resource,supplemented by materials from the Pre-Qin verse,?? Xiesheng and ?? Duruo in Shuowenjiezi,variant text in classics,the pronunciation of Han scholars,explaining the meaning of words by its pronunciation and ancient and modern dialects.He used the methods of document archaeology and phonetics examination,focusing on the former.Section two provides an overview of Kong's eighteen rhyme groups,illustrating Kong's research development in his dichotomy and trichotomy of the 41 rhymes of Tangyun,classifying and collecting of rhyme words of the 44 rhymes,as well as generalizing and formulating the eighteen rhyme groups of Old Chinese Rhyme Groups based on the analysis by splitting the 80 rhymes in Tangyun.Then it briefly compares Kong's Old Chinese rhyme categories with Wu Yu,Zheng Xiang,Gu Yanwu,Jiang Yong,and Duan Yucai from the perspectives of vocalic-final categories,nasal-final categories and voiceless stop-final categories to enunciate his inheritance and development on theirs.Section three introduces the basic concepts and terminology of Kong's old Chinese Phonology.It explains in detail the definition and two categories of the misclassified characters of Tangryun,and comprehensively examines the principles and methods of Kong's phonetic notation for characters.Finally,it briefly outlines the rhyming rules of ShijingChapter Three How Kong Guangsen split Tangyun rhymes and categorized Old Chinese rhymes.This chapter starts with a review of the research of Gu Yanwu,Jiang Yong,Duan Yucai on categorizing Old Chinese rhymes.It points out Kong's split and remerger of Tangyun in Old Chinese phonology,lists in detail the characters of original unchanging rhyme,the misclassified characters of TangYun,the characters belonging to two rhyme groups and the characters attached(if any)in Kong's old Chinese Phonology,fully presents the structure and content of Kong's old Chinese Phonology By comparing with the rhyme words of other scholars,70 unique rhyme words in Kong's Shijing Analysis are obtained.In addition,section one focuses on the analysis of the separation of ?Zhi group,? ZhT group,and ? Zhi group,the separation of? Hou group and ? Yu group and the separation of? You group and ? Xiao group in Kong's old Chinese Phonology.Section two points out Kong's success in analyzing by splitting eight rhymes:? Wu,? Wo,? Jue,? Yao,? Duo,?Mai,? Xi,? XT and starting to classifying ? Jue rhyme correctly through a comprehensive comparison of the analysis by splitting and classification of the characters with voiceless stop finals in Tangyun between Kong and other scholars.When evaluating the contributions of the various scholars to the ?? Rusheng rhyme groups of Old Chinese,it explains that Kong's contribution is analyzing by splitting ? Wu rhyme and ? Jue rhyme,establishing the ?? Rusheng part of ? Hou group and the ?? Rusheng part of? You group.Section three shows the division of the separation of? Dong group and? Dong group and the mix of ? Zhen group and ? Wen group in Kong's old Chinese Phonology by listing its rhyme words of nasal-final categories in detail.Chapter Four Discussion on Kong Guangsen's Old Chinese rhyme categories.Section one collects and arranges Kong's argument in separating of ? Dong group and ? Dong group,including the respective rhyming examples of ? Dong group and? Dong group,reasonably explains the controversial rhyming examples between Dong group and ? Dong group,expounds ? Dong group is similar with ? Qin group and? zheng group while different from ? Dong group,and demonstrates ? Dong is the nasal-final category of ? Hou and ? Wu,? Dong is the nasal-final category of ?You and? Jue.It also examines the history of old Chinese Phonology,details the questions and acceptance of the Qing Dynasty old Chinese phonology scholars on the separation of ? Dong group and ? Dong group and modern scholars' deep analysis of phonology,and at the same time extensively seeks the influence of new resources such as ancient dialects,modern dialects and unearthed documents on the separation of? Dong group and ? Dong group as supplement and improvement.Section two focuses on the rationale and significance of Kong's construction of? He group,refutes Duan's doubts on it,and points out the defects of Kong's failure to classify nine rhymes represented by ? Ji rhyme and? He rhyme and Kong's misinterpretation of the tone of ? group.Section three starts with comparing the rhymes and characters of ? Qin group and ? Tan group between Kong and other scholars,analyzes the controversial classification of the old Chinese characters in detail,and affirms Kong's dividing area of ? Qin group and ? Tan group in old Chinese phonology.Section four collects and arranges Kong's arguments in the rhyming connections between ?? Qusheng and ?? Rusheng.According to the data comparison and analysis of the rhyming examples of ?? Rusheng words itself,the rhyming examples of ?? Qusheng words itself,the rhyming examples between ?? Qusheng/?? Rusheng words and ?? Pingsheng/?? Shangsheng words in Shijing,it discusses Kong's mistake of placing the rhymes ?? Qusheng and??Rusheng into one category because of the rhyming connections between them.Section five first elaborates on the disputes between the mix and the separation of ? Zhen group and ? Wen group,and then illustrates the five reasons of Kong's mix of ? Zhen group and ? Wen group.Based on the exploration of Jiang Yong and Dai Zhen's discovery of ? Ji group,Duan Yucai and Wang Niansun's discovery of ? Zhi group,Zhang Taiyan's discovery of ? Dui group,Wang Li's discovery of ? Wei group and the controversies on the categorization and division of various rhymes among different scholars,section six clarifies the mixed problem of Kong's clarification of ? zhi group.It believes that Kong's ? zhi group should be subdivided into two rhyme groups with??Pingsheng and ?? Shangsheng words ? zhi group and?Wei group and three rhyme groups with qusheng and rusheng words ? Zhi group,? Dui group,? Ji group.Moreover,it clarifies various divisions and lists the specific rhyme words after subdivision.Section seven reviews different scholars' viewpoints and divisions of ?? Rusheng in old Chinese phonology and describes Kong's understanding of ??Rusheng,pointing out that the essence of Kong's "no ?? Rusheng in old Chinese phonology" is to regard ?? Rusheng as a phonological category,the "short pronunciation" in ?? Qusheng tones,to deny the existence of ?? Rusheng.Chapter Five Exploration of Kong Guangsen's classification of words.Kong's classification of words has original ideas and mistakes,but there are more original ideas than mistakes.This chapter starts with a comprehensive comparison between Kong Guangsen and Gu Yanwu,Jiang Yong,Duan Yucai,Jiang Yougao,Wang Niansun on classification of words,and analyzes the originality and mistakes of Kong's classification of words by combining various materials from Shijing rhymes,Qunjing rhymes,the phonetic connection of characters,variant texts,explanation by pronunciation,the pronunciation of Han scholars,the reconstruction of old Chinese phonology,ect.Kong dispelled other scholars' mistakes in word classification and formed his original idea of classifying ? wei into ? Ge group,? xian into ? Zhi group,? ci ? ci ? zi into ? Zhi group,? cui ? mei into ? Zhi group,?qiu into ? You group,? yu into ? Hou group,? you into ? You group,?xiao into ? You group,? jiu into ? Xiao group,? ling ?ling ? ling ? ling into ?Ding group,? qiong into ? Ding group,? zhen ? dan ? han ? dan ? dan ?chan ? zhan ? bian ? dian into ? Qin group.Kong classified ? xi into ? Chen group as well as ? Zhi group,? can into ? Xiao group as well as ? Qin group,? mu ? mou into both ? Zhi and ? Yu groups with sufficient evidence.Meanwhile,Kong classified ? xi into ? Ge group,? miao into ? You group as one option although without enough justification.Kong misplaced ? qiao into ? You group instead of ? Xiao group.? jf ? ru into ? Zhi group instead of ? Ji group,? ju into ? You group instead of ?? Rusheng-rhymes of ? Hou group and ? ti into? Chen group instead of ? Zhi groupChapter Six Kong Guangsen's theroy of?? Tongyun.On the basis of Duan Yucai's theory of ?? Heyun,taking codas as a distinguishing feature,Kong's theroy of ?? Tongyun clarifies the difference between??Tongyun and ?? Zhuanyun Kong narrowed the scope of the?? Tongyun in old Chinese and eliminated the occasional-borrowed ?? Tongyun,which significantly improved ?? Tongyun's explanatory power to the relationship between rhyme groups.Section one reviews Gu Yanwu and Jiang Yong's understanding of ?? Tongyun in old Chinese phonology,and focuses on Duan Yucai's theroy of ?? Heyyun.It conducts a detailed study of Duan's the rhyming between 60 different rhyme groups listed in his Liushuyinyunbiao,summarizes Duan's predecessors' misjudgment of old Chinese due to ignorance of ?? Tongyun and combs his use of ?? Tongyun in explainig a phonetic radical spaning rhyme groups,one character with variant form and loan words from other rhyme groups.Section two studies the inheritance and development of Kong's theory of ?? Tongyun to Duan's theory of ?? Heyun by comparison.It fully presents Kong's the ?? Tongyun system,and divides it into three levels and twelve categories with focuses on Kong's ?? Tongyun of ?? Ding-Chen,??? Dong-Qin-Zheng,?? Zhi-Zhi and ??? You-Xiao-Zhi.It also pointed out the deficiencies of Kong's theroy of ?? Tongyun,and made adjustments and enrichments to Kong's ?? Tongyun system.In order to make Kong's ?? Tongyun convincing and supported with evidence,section three makes clear for the 22 main sets of ?? Tongyun in Kong's ?? Tongyun system on the bases of materials from the Pre-Qin verse,the phonetic connection of characters and loan characters and variant texts in classics.Chapter Seven Kong Guangsen's theory of ?? Zhuanyun.Based on the comparision between Duan Yucai's theory of different ?? Yinsheng and ??Yangsheng rhyme groups matching with one ?? Rusheng rhyme group and Dai Zhen,Yan Kejun,Zhang Taiyan's theory of ?? Duizhuan,this chapter studies Kong Guangsen's nine groups of crossover alternations in detail and provides evidence for each pair of ?? Zhuanyun.Regarding the contradiction theory of old Chinese phonology,Kong contributed to constructing the overall theoretical framework of ???? Yin Yang Duizhuan,and first proposed four sets of alternations:?? Ge-Yuan,?? Hou-Dong,?? You-Dong and ?? Xiao-QTn.Section one compares Kong's ?? Ge-Yuan Alternation with Duan's Correspondences of ?? Zhi-Ge and ??? Zhi-Wen-Yuan and Dai's ??? a-Wu-e Alternation and ??? an-ai-e Alternation.It sorts out Kong's argumentation on ?? Ge-Yuan Alternation based on the rhyme of poems,ancient ?? Fanqie,variant texts.ancient pronunciations and phonetic compounds.and then it's further perfecting it as ??? Ge-Ji-Yuan Alternation.Section two describes similarities and differences among Kong's ?? Zhi-Ding Alternation,Duan's Correspondences of ?? Zhi-Ge and ?? Zhen-Gang and Dai's ??(?)Ying-Wa-e Alternation,as well as points out the inheritance of Kong's ?? Zhi-Ding Alternation of Dai's theory.On the basis of comparing Kong's ?? Zhi-Chen Alternation with Duan's Correspondences of ??? Zhi-Wen-Yuan and ?? Zhen-Geng and Dai's ??? Yin-Yi-Yi Alternation,section three focuses on the process of Kong's demonstration of ?? Zhi-Chen Alternation by using seven characters ? qi ? zhi? xi ? tian ? xun ? jun ?yi as examples and it corrects ?? Zhi-Chen Alternation to ??? Zhi-Zhi-Zhen Alternation and ??? Wei-Dui-Wen Alternation according to Zhang Taiyan and Wang Li.Section four begins with the comparison between Kong's ?? Yu-Yang Alternation with Duan's ?? Yu-Yang Correspondence and Dai's ??? a-Wu-e Alternation and ??? Yang-Yao-Yue Alternation,and checks out Kong's theory and concrete examples of ?? Yu-Yang Alternation.Based on the analysis of Duan's ??? You-Hou-Dong Correspondence and Dai's ??? Weng-ou-Wu Alternation,section five points out that Kong's ?? Hou-Dong Alternation and ?? You-Dong Alternation is a new discovery never found before,and discusses the process of Yan's and Zhang's revising ?? You-Dong Alternation to ??? You-Dong-Qin Alternation.Section six examines Kong's ?? Xiao-Qin Alternation,Duan's ???Zhi-Xiao-Zheng Correspondence,and Dai's ??? Yang-Yao-Yue Alternation together to examine Kong's argument for ?? Xiao-Qin Alternation with two examples of ? bian ? can,compares Kong's ?? Xiao-Qin Alternation with Yan's and Zhang's ?? You-Qin Alternation,and perfects it to ??? You-Xiao-Qin Alternation.Section seven discusses Kong's cite ? er ? zeng as two examples for ?? Zhi-Zheng Alternation from the perspective of comparing with Duan's ?? Zhi-Zheng Correspondence and Dai's ??? Ying-YT-Yi Alternation.Section eight describes Kong's ?? He-Tan Alternation,and according to Dai,amends it to ??JT-Qin Alternation and ?? He-Tan Alternation.At the end of this chapter,it summarizes Kong's ?? Zhuanyun system and the brief development history of ?? Zhuanyun theory of old Chinese phonologyChapter Eight Kong Guangsen's old Chinese phonology thoughts.This chapter summarizes and deduces Kong's old Chinese phonology thoughts from his textual research and arguments on old Chinese phonetic facts and the construction of old Chinese phonology system.Kong categories old Chinese phonology into original unchanging rhymes,connection rhymes,and transformation rhymes,which reflects his systematic perspective of old Chinese phonology.Moreover,his division of the research materials based on eras for distinguishing,emphasis on the difference between ancient and modern phonetics,and focus on the role of dialects in the study of old Chinese phonology indicates his time and space perspectives of old Chinese phonology.The concepts of gradual connection and transformation of rhymes and the conjunctive changes of Initials and finals epitomize his views on phonetic evolution in old Chinese phonology.Kong emphases finding word's pronunciation by its meaning,and also uses the old phonology to find word's meaning by its pronunciation,which shows his view on the interaction of phonetic and semantic.Kong not only pays attention to the analysis of phonetic categories,but also tries hard to explore the phonetic value,which can be seen in the phonetic notation of ancient charactersChapter Nine Conclusion:the status,achievements and shortcomings of Kong's Old Chinese phonology.This chapter first summarizes the evaluation on Kong's Old Chinese phonology by other scholars.The achievements and contributions of Kong's Old Chinese phonology are:unique insight on document archeology,creating new old Chinese rhyme divisions,constructing connection rhymes and transformation rhymes systems to make the structure of old Chinese phonology more systematic and precise,combining multiple recourses to make the analysis of ancient character categorization more meticulous and with new insights,discovery the sentence rhyming rules of Shijing,expanding and adding the rhymes words in Shijin,and deeply exploring the rhyming connections and discussing in detail the rhyming connections between ?? Qusheng and ?? Rusheng in old Chinese phonology.It generalizes the achievements of Kong's old Chinese Phonology into the following 10 aspects:(1)the separation of ? Dong group and ? Dong group,(2)the split of ? Wu and ? Jue rhyme and the separation of ?? Rusheng-rhymes of ?Hou group and ? You group,(3)the distinguishing of ? group from ? Qin group and ? Tan group,(4)the construction of ?? Tongyun system to improve the systematic relationship among these groups:?? Ding-Chen,??? Dong-Qin-Zheng,?? ZhT-Zhi and ??? You-Xiao-Zhi,(5)the construction of ??Zhuanyun system to reveal the features of ???? YTnYang Duizhuan,(6)the proposal of crossover alternations of ??Ge-Yuan,?? Hou-Dong,?? You-Dong and ?? Xiao-Qin,(7)the division between ? Qin group and ? Tan group,(8)the classification of 32 rhyme words and their phonetic compounds into the right rhyme groups,(9)the exploration of sentence rhyming rules of Shijing and the increase 70 new rhyme words,(10)the elaboration of the connections between ?? Qusheng and?? Rusheng of vocalic-final categories and the connections among ?? Pingsheng,?? Shangsheng and ?? Qusheng of nasal-final categories in old Chinese Phonology.The shortcomings of the Kong's old phonology Chinese are:some rhymes on Tangyun should have been split and merged;some old rhyme groups haven't been further divided;some old phonetic facts are sacrificed in pursuit of ???? Yin Yang Duizhuan;the value of?? Rusheng has been understood wrongly,and it denies ?? Rusheng.At the end of this chapter,it reports the innovation,shortcomings and future research prospects of this dissertation.