Research On The Governance Of The Northern Frontier Of The Northern Dynasties

The safety of the northern frontier of the Northern Dynasties directly affected the survival and succession of their regime.It was great historical significance for the Northern Dynasties to govern the northern frontier.The rise and fall of the northern territories of the Northern Dynasties had gone through the reign of Tuoba Gui,the emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty,which controlled Yinshan,Yanshan and northern North China;On the basis of consolidating the achievements of emperor Daowu's territorial development,Emperor Tuobasi of Ming Yuan captured Youzhou of Beiyan and controlled the northeast part of Hexi;Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao again controlled the southern part of Moan,and extended the eastern end of the northern frontier to the west of Liaoning and the western end of the northern frontier to the north of Dunhuang;Tuobahong,Emperor Xiaowen,extended the westernmost part of the northern frontier to Yiwu,and the northernt erritory reached its peak.From the turmoil of the six towns to the Eastern and Western Wei dynasties,the actual control areas of the northern frontier area shrank to the south of the adjacent area of the original six towns.Yiwu was occupied by Johan and the northern frontier retreated to the north of Dunhuang.The Northern Qi Dynasty pushed its northern frontier northward to the south of Yinshan and Yanshan,and The Northern Zhou Dynasty pushed its actual control area northward to the middle of Monan.After the Northern Zhou Dynasty unified the northern region again,Gao Baoning was under separate rule in western Liaoning.The changes of the northern territory of the Northern Dynasties were closely related to the changes of the political situation of the northern frontier and the military and political activities of the rulers.It went through five major stages:the early period of Northern Wei,the middle period of Northern Wei,the late period of Northern Wei,the Eastern Wei and Western Wei,the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou.In the early period of the Northern Wei Dynasty(386-431),the actual control areas of the northern frontier was on the north and south sides of Yinshan and Yanshan.The nomadic tribes here belonged to to Xianbei,Gao Che,Zoran,Kumohyi,Khitan and other tribes.These tribes were still in the stage of tribal society.The Northern Wei Dynasty adopted the way of direct control by the central government in northern frontier,Specifically,in the political system,the "hunting patrol system" was implemented,and the emperor frequently visited northern frontier to comfort the new people;In military terms,it suppressed tribal rebellions and initially built a border defense system for the northern frontier;In economy terms,the agriculture and animal husbandry economy in northern frontier was vigorously develop to improve the living conditions of residents in northern frontier;After the initial governance,the order of the northern frontier of Northern Wei gradually became stable.In the middle period of Northern Wei Dynasty(432-493),after a large-scale expedition in the early stage,the hostile forces in Monan area had been largely purged.Emperor Taiwu of Wei was not satisfied with the fact that he fought for Monan repeatedly with Zoran,and wanted to realize the long-term and stable effective control of Monan.The Northern Wei Dynasty changed the initial hunting system and formally set up local border control institutions to strengthen the control of Monan.In politics,it was mainly manifested in the formal establishment of local border governance institutions and the implementation of the system of ten town district governance.The emperor visited ten towns frequently and stationed in northern frontier for a long time to guide the establishment of local institutions.The central government provided relief to alleviate the social crisis in ten towns.Eased relations with Zoran to relieve pressure on the northern frontier;Measured such as improving the living conditions of the garrison in the ten towns to stabilize the hearts and minds of the people to ensure the implementation of sub-district governance in the ten towns.In the military system,he implemented the military town garrison system.Emperor Taiwu used the ten towns as the center to build a northern frontier garrison system that included the tribes of Gao Che,the cantonment points in Monan,military garrison cities,garrisons,the Great Wall,and the adjacent areas to the south of the ten towns to suppress the rebellion of various forces.He also used the ten towns as bases to send troops at the right time to conquer the Monan and expand the territory.In the economy,he build water conservancy and develop agricultural economy.At the same time,he established a long-term mechanism of material supply in northern frontier was by carrying out measures such as opening up land and water transportation,banning the ban on switching beams,ensuring the farmers have their own land and carrying out border trade.In the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the political situation in northern frontier was stable and the governance effect was remarkable.In the late period of Northern Wei Dynasty(494-533),the threat of the Zoran tribes weakened and the rebellion against Gao Che intensified.After the capital was moved to Luoyang,the cantonment of Monan and the emperor's patrol were abolished,which highlighted the disadvantages of the zoning control of ten towns.The Northern Wei Dynasty adjusted its governance measures of northern frontier.In the political system,the emperor Xingxing was replaced by ministers to inspect the ten towns;Set up Beidaoxingtai to deal with major political events in northern frontier.In the military system,the seasonal garrison in Monan was canceled and the garrison was changed to a fixed garrison;Six towns were moved to,garrison fortresses were added to strengthened the garrison system in northern frontier.In the central part of northern frontier,the governor was set up to implement the system of regional governance.After that,because of the dictatorship of empress Dowager Hu and Yuan Cha during the reign of emperor Xiaoming,the government was dark,and the policy of resettling A Nagui was wrong,the turmoil in six towns finally broke out.During the turmoil of the six towns,Beidaoxingtai led the affairs of northern frontier and quickly suppressed the turmoil.Zoran forces took the opportunity to enter the northern frontier,and the northern frontier retreated southward to the line of "Jishangsaiwei".Since then,the original northern region had become ruins,and the border shrieked.The Northern Wei Dynasty was forced to change towns into states and oversea states and counties to control the northern region.The unrest in the six towns at the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty destroyed many local institutions in the northern frontier areas,and the northern frontier areas contracted in the inner region.During the period of Wuding(543-549),through the efforts of Gao Huan,the Eastern Wei Dynasty implemented the system of state and county by establishing new state and overseas state.In terms of military garrison,it had reconstructed the border defense system with the state city,garrison city,town,garrison fortress and the Great Wall as the key elements,and had set up Liuzhoudadudu above the state and county to manage the military affairs in northern frontier.After the Northern Qi replaced the Eastern Wei,after Gao Yang's inspiring rule,he had drove the Zoran tribe out of the Monan completely,and his political influence reached north of the Yinshan,but the actual control area moved north to the southern side of the Yinshan and Yanshan.In the areas recaptured from Zoran,Kumoxi,Khitan and other ethnic groups,the Northern Qi Dynasty restored the local institutions set up in the Northern Wei Dynasty,that is,to implement the state and county system in northern frontier.In military affairs,following the example of the Eastern Wei Dynasty,Liuzhoudadudu were set up to command the military affairs of northern frontier.In terms of economic measures,the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi dynasties searched a large number of exiled population after the unrest in six towns through the action of including households,and developed social and economic development.Later,because Huluguang and Huluxian was killed,the northern frontier was defeated,so it was defeated by the Northern Zhou Dynasty.At the beginning of the Western Wei Dynasty,Zoran had controlled the Monan,the south of Yinshan and the north of the Yellow River.The Eastern Wei Dynasty occupied Xiazhou and Lingzhou.In the Western Wei Dynasty,the local administration of the Northern Wei Dynasty was taken as the main body,and Xiliangzhou(later changed to Gan Prefecture),Xi'anzhou(later changed to Yan Prefecture)and Suizhou were added to reconstruct the local institutions of the northern frontier states and counties;In terms of military,a garrison system was constructed with state cities,military towns,and garrisons as a whole,and additional military governors were set up above the states to zone the military affairs of the northern frontier.After the Northern Zhou Dynasty replaced the Western Wei Dynasty,Yinzhou was added.After the annexation of the Northern Qi,some of its local institutions were first restructured;Secondly,the Zongguanfu were built above the state as a local high-level military and political governance institution;The important change in the military system was to transform the Duduzhuzhouzhujunshi into the Zongguanfu,the Great Wall was build to resist Turks and continue to suppress the rebellion of Jihu.Under the strategy of Emperor Wu of Zhou Dynasty,the northern frontier was extended northward to the Damo.The Northern Zhou Dynasty swallowed up the Northern Qi Dynasty and once again realized the unification of northern China.After that,he used the army of Turkic,intending to fully recover the Monan,but finally failed to achieve.In 581 ad,the Northern Zhou Dynasty was replaced by the Sui Dynasty,and the Northern Dynasties ended.The idea of border management is the basis for the central government of a country to formulate border management policies and guidelines.In response to the threat of hostile forces from the north,such as Gao Che,Zoran and Turkic,and the fact that there were rebellions by the border people,the Northern Dynasties aimed to unify the world.The political consciousness of "Grand Unification" of the Northern Dynasties appeared in the period of emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty,and was fully formed in the period of emperor Taiwu.Under the guidance of the political consciousness of "Grand Unification",the Northern Dynasties did not distinguish between Yi and Xia,defined Gaoche,Zoran,Turk and other tribes as "traitors",and adopted the ideological principle of "cutting traitors and softening Submissive stats" to actively govern the northern frontier.With the change of the situation in northern frontier,it was different in different periods.Before the turmoil of six towns in Northern Wei Dynasty,it was the thought of "cutting far and softening near".From the turmoil in northern frontier to the reign of the Northern Zhou Dynasty,it changed into the thought of "cutting the near,softening the far".The northern frontier areas of the Northern Dynasties were threatened by the hostile forces and rebelled by the border people.The threat of hostile forces was often intertwined with the rebellion of border people,which increased the difficulty of governance in northern frontier.The Northern Dynasties had taken many effective measures in the governance of the northern frontier,and maintained the long-term stability of the northern frontier.there experiences in governing the northern frontier included the establishment and improvement of border control institutions,the construction and adjustment of military garrison system,the innovation and development of various systems,the rectification of official administration,the relief of famine in the northern frontier,the timely handling of major issues,and the relaxation of relations with hostile forces.At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty,the rebellion in northern frontier led to the division of the country.During the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty,Shanhu rebellion continued,which seriously affected the construction of his regime;During the Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty,Jihu tried to stand on his own and became the biggest border trouble in northern frontier;The above facts showed that there were still many problems in the border governance of ancient dynastic states.The main problems included:the policy of governing the border had a "backfire effect",misjudged of major issues,political struggle was frequent,dealing with ethnic issues were improper methods,relationship between cultural and martial were imbalance,methods and experience in governing immigrant society were lack,and effective economic ties between the border and the mainland were lack.Therefore,efforts to maintain national unity,political stability and ethnic unity,strengthen the economic ties between the border and the mainland,attach importance to the ideological guidance of border residents to cultivate their feelings of home and country,in-depth understanding of the border society to accurately judge regional major issues,timely and correctly deal with major emergencies in the border areas were the premise for the effective governance and stable development of the border areas.The effective governance of the border is a necessary condition for the long-term stability of the country.