The Problem Of Free Will?Agent And Agency In The Practice And Agency In The Practice

Will is an important feature that distinguishes human practical activities from animal physiological activities.The feature of human practical activities is of free and conscious activities.Free will is the "quasi-characteristic" of human beings,which makes human beings become a kind of being.For human beings,without free will or without the ability to choose and regulate their own actions,moral and legal responsibility will become incapacitated and human dignity will be trampled upon.In the scope of Marxist philosophy,the topic of free will was as early as in Marx's doctoral thesis with the "contingency" connotation of atomic "deflection" movement as the embryonic form.Later,the discovery of "dynamic aspect" distinguishes Marxism as a new materialism from the old materialism of the past,and the concept of "free will" includes the extension of "conscious agency" or"subjective agency".At present,the discussion on the topic of free will mainly focuses on the perspective of ethics and political philosophy.Free will is a social historical achievement,which is restricted by social historical laws and moral ethics.Further,or more generally,the source of free will is not only the practice of social history,but also its will or mind roots.The subject carried by free will is not only social and historical,but more importantly,human agent is "realistic person".The law of cause and effect that free will follows is within the category of materialism.Based on the paradigm of matter and consciousness,free will is a psychological phenomenon with high-order functional attributes,which can reflect and guide practical activities,and even have active causal force.Neuroscientist Libet and psychologist Wegner proposed the theory of the crisis of free will,which holds that free will does not exist and has no causal force,threatening the ontological status of free will.The "half-second delay experiment" and the "veto experiment" are collectively referred to as the "judgment experiment".Their main conclusions are:in action,because the neural correlates of the brain precede conscious decision,so human beings have no free will,and free will has no decisive causal effect.Based on this,Wegner put forward that"conscious will"is a kind of epiphenomenon,and free will is only the subjective experience or feeling of the psychological process.In essence,Free will does not have any causal effect,but is only incidental to the material world.Their conclusion presupposes a view of the mind-body relationship in which free will is equated with the neural correlates of the brain.This is contrary to the Marxist view of free will.According to the existing interpretation of free will problem,free will is within the social and historical determinism,which can only bypass the threat of science to free will.Therefore,according to the essence of crisis theory,it is necessary to solve the crisis of free will from the basic paradigm of matter and consciousness and from the ontological perspective of mind-body relationship of free will.The ontological perspective of mind-body relationship of free will is an approach of philosophy of mind.Many scientific theoretical achievements on free will have emerged in contemporary western philosophy of mind.With the predominance of materialism or naturalism,the concept,source,generation,mode of existence,status of existence,essence,composition and causality of free will have been clarified.Based on this,free will in the view of Marxism emerges from the material world in a non-reductive way and forms a complex dynamic system,which is the root of human practice initiative.Because free will cannot be reduced to a simple basic material composition and is produced in the emergent way that the whole is greater than the parts,it in turn has an active causal force on practice.This is why human beings can choose and regulate their own practice.The agency of practice is unique to human beings,which is fundamentally different from that of animals.Artificial intelligence is a typical example.The mystery of this agency lies in the causal mechanism of free will,which is the downward causal power of higher-order dynamic system on lower-order attributes.The approach of philosophy of mind about theory of free will complements the perspective of ethics and political philosophy on free will problem,accordingly,the“it is”perspective complements the“it should be" perspective.Both perspectives together form the Marxist theory of free will,thus deconstructing and removing the threat to free will caused by the crisis theory of free will.This thesis is started with the threat to free will caused by the crisis of free will theory and takes the achievements of free will theory of contemporary western philosophy of mind as the axis,aimed to reconstruct and enrich the Marxist theory of free will from the perspective of philosophy of mind,so as to directly deal with the crisis of free will theory.The introduction briefly explains the starting point,method,purpose and frame of the research.The first chapter,based on the existing discussion on the topic of Marxist free will,aims to explain the rationality and necessity of the perspective on philosophy of mind of Marxist free will theory,and then pave the way for the crisis of free will theory.Because the crisis of free will theory is talked about from the perspective on philosophy of mind of the topic of free will.The second chapter specifically analyzes and explains the content and essence of the crisis of free will,and deconstructs the crisis theory from the first-person perspective,proving that the explanation of the crisis theory is unreasonable,free will is not non-existent,and it has the status of secondary existence.Free will is an emergent psychological phenomenon with high order functional attributes.From chapter three to chapter six,the thesis discusses the connotation,essence,constitution and active causality mechanism of free will in the practice.The "realistic person" is the agent compound with multi-functional modules,which follows the downward causation during the practical action.The seventh chapter explains the possibility and content that rich achievements of free will in philosophy of mind develop Marxist theory of free will.The dimension of the philosophy of mind is an important dimension of Marxist free will.Under the perspective of philosophy of mind,the theory of free will in the view of Marxism is not only necessary,but also actual.