The New Army In Late Qing Dnasty And The Military Transformation Of China In Morden Times

This thesis mainly discusses the New Army in the late Qing dynasty and the military transformation of modern China.It selects the course of military modernization of the New Army in the late Qing dynasty as its main research object,takes Xiang-Yong and Huai-Yong as comparing objects,then comprehensively discusses the situation that the New Army in China's modern military transformation by imitating the Western law.By doing this,this thesis is supposed to objectively describe the position,function and influence of the military modernization of the New Army in the military transformation of modern China.Under the background of modern political transformation,this thesis presents the evolution of the New Army's compilation and training in the late Qing Dynasty longitudinally and dynamically by taking the occurrence of major historical events as clues.Starting from the content of military transformation,this thesis makes a horizontal analysis of the changes of the guiding theory,military system,weapons and equipment,and military training of the new army in the process of military modernization.By studying the development of military guidance theory in the late Qing Dynasty,it is found that the military reform of the New Army did not put forward military theory in line with the development of the times as a guide,but used the theory of social reform of "medium body and western use" to guide military practice,which led to the delay of military reform.Military system is an important part of the military transformation,and the battalion system,leadership(command)system and military service system of the new army are important aspects to investigate the military transformation.The New Army's military organizational system underwent several phases such as the variant of the Yong organizational system,the imitation of German military organizational system,and the imitation of the Japanese military organizational system.It got rid of the shackles of the outdated Yong organizational system and began to march forward to the new organizational system which is more adapted to modern warfare.The change of the commanding system of the New Army reveals that although the imperial court attached great importance to the reform,they took the opportunity of reform to keep the military commanding power completely independent of the government,and the military administration power is subordinated to the military commanding power,with the latter totally controlled by the imperial court,so that the whole country was in the hands of the imperial military advisory government and its relatives,so as to deal with the revolution.The military service system of the New Army gradually absorbs the reasonable factors of the traditional conscription system and the Western military service system,and the tendency of the recruitment system to pay more attention to the importance of laws and regulations is increasingly obvious.On weapons and equipment aspects,priorities are given to importing,imitation,with homemade ones as complementary.The New Army's weapons changed from single shot rifle to Winchester rifles,and then automatic machine guns,its artillery has evolved from the mount recoil-operated guns into the barrel recoil-operated guns.The modern level of the late Qing dynasty's weapon and equipment modernization was increased gradually.But due to the lack of a comprehensive system of military industry,a mixed situation in the military has appeared obviously.The training,organization and leadership system of the New Army was largely imitating those of Germany and Japan.The training regulations were institutionalized.And the tactical training followed the German and Japanese tactics and developed from the traditional Xiang-Huai tactical deployment ways of troops to the modern combined tactics.By studying the case of Hejian Autumn Military Exercise and the New Regulations of Infantry Exercise,it shows that the military training of the New Army has reached a high level.The modernization of the New Army had achieved some progress under the influence of international trend.owing to the social system limitations of China at That time,the transformation of military modernization had failed in the end.On the other side,the military reform over-emphasized on the social functions of the military,leading to the suprmacy of the military and the carving up of China by warlords in turn.