Research On Frontier Defense And Military And Political Response In The Late Southern Song Dynasty

The late Southern Song Dynasty experienced very dramatic military and political upheavals.The countermeasures made by the Song people in the face of both the counterattacks of late Jin and the Mongolians' advancing to the south are worthy of study and discussion.This is the right starting point of this study.This thesis focus on the frontier defense and coping strategy of military and politics in the late Southern Song Dynasty.The full text uses four chapters to discuss this topic.This study carefully reviews the specific historical background of the discussion of frontier defense policy in the royal court in the late Southern Song Dynasty and carries on the classification research to several relatively representative opinions regarding to frontier defense response at that time.Furthermore,it analyzes the causes of the formation of these frontier defense thoughts from the perspective of the theoretical context and the internal operating mechanism of it.While referring to the discussion of multi-states of frontier defense policy in the royal court in the late Southern Song Dynasty,we also discuss a variety of views that been put forward by the courtiers in the light of the actual situation at that time.The discussion of frontier defense policy in the royal court in this period reflects the characteristics of interlacing both inside and outside and it is closely related to the transition of government.This paper combines the exposition of frontier defense with the change of the political situation and believes that the change of the political situation has great influence on the discussion of frontier defense.At the same time,it also further explores the political speech and practical utilitarianism performance of the group of people who support the Neo-Confucianism in face of the border crisis in the "post-Zhu Xi era".The people who support the Neo-Confucianism in "post-Zhu Xi era" has vast space in explaining and expounding the thought of Neo-Confucianism.The original idea of Neo-Confucianism has been simplified and replicated by later Neo-Confucianism scholars and further transformed into more practical ideas and actions.The core of Neo-Confucianism was be filtered out and extracted.Therefore,we can see the differences between the NeoConfucianism which exists on and off the royal imperial court.In addition to analyzing the expression of military and political philosophy of NeoConfucianism scholars from the perspective of academic and political relationship,this paper investigates the activities of people who support the Neo-Confucianism and the countermeasures proposed by them from the respects of military and government practice.It also specifically analyzes the concrete measures such as building cities and villages to protect themselves,making use of the power of local tyrants,reviewing the militia,precise selection with long appointment,restoring the feudatory system and building the towns.It is believed that these measures have played a positive role in dealing with military and political affairs.In addition to discussing specific countermeasures at the micro level,this paper also starts from the angle of staggered interaction between different regions in the late Southern Song Dynasty,analyzes the influence of the interlocking interaction between regions on the military and political responses in various regions.For example,when solving the problem of food shortage in the front line,people pay great attention to transfering rations from other relatively rich regions.As from the overall strategic layout,it is also important to reflect on the interaction and linkages between regions.The most typical example was that when facing the most difficult period in the Xianchun years during the siege of Xiangyang,some far-sighted people put forward the Strategic decision of letting the thirty thousand soldiers go out to sea with direct ramming of Qingqi and forcing Mongolians back to rescue.These are very valuable strategic judgments made by Song people after making fully use of the good and bad situation of each region and synthetically considering the relationship between different regions.Therefore,the point can be drawn that people at that time has a relatively clear understanding of the coexistence of multiple regimes in their own order and the mutual relations between the various regions and implement this clear understanding in the guidance of the political situation.This study analyzes a relatively typical case study when it refers to the military and government defense strategy adjustment in the late Southern Song Dynasty.It believes that the Southern Song government also took including the defense of the Sichuan region in the overall military defense layout into consideration.And also discusses the specific defense measures and strategy and tactics among the regions,which aims at having a panoramic view of the agreed process of military decision-making in the late Southern Song Dynasty.It further reviews several inertial state policies since the founding of the Southern Song Dynasty and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of these policies and their adjustment.In addition,the paper also discusses the emergence and evolution of a special military coordination organization in the late Southern Song Dynasty.This paper focuses on the actual role and influence of this institution in dealing with the situation of military and political affairs.Studies have shown that it is inevitable that this unique military coordination agency,the coordination department,emerges during the confrontation between the Southern Song Dynasty and Mongolia.It is closely related to the attack route of the Yuan Dynasty and the deployment of the troops in the Southern Song Dynasty,and the military coordination organization which was originally created in the later period of the Southern Song Dynasty not only has the relatively stable garrison area,but also has the fixed personnel quota.With special attention,the garrison area of this institution is often a key area connecting two or more military areas and most of their officials were local officials in charge of border defense affairs in the late Southern Song Dynasty.They play a vital role in the frontier defense of the Southern Song Dynasty.The military coordination organization,which is originally created in the late Southern Song Dynasty,has a positive impact on the history of the time and beyond.