The P?la-inspired Tibetan Painting Style From 11^th To 13^th Centuries

Since G.Tucci identified the East Indian painting style as a Nepalese painting style,the academic circles have carried out continuous research on the East Indian style existing in the early Tibetan paintings from 11^th to 13^thcenturies.Different scholars have put forward different style terms,which also provides convenience for the later scholars to explore the early Tibetan painting.In order to clarify the various styles and characteristics of early Tibetan painting,the author will take the East India P?la Dynasty art widely spread in Tibet and Southeast Asia as the starting point,and try to establish the close relationship between the early Tibetan painting and the East India P?la Dynasty art from 11^th to 13^th centuries,while demonstrating the differences.The author regards the sculptures,illustrations of scriptures and paintings of the eastern India P?la Dynasty and the remains of the Himalayan Tibetan cultural circle as the effective texts to study the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings,and makes a comprehensive study with the methods of iconology and art style comparison,trying to clarify the similarities and differences between the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings and the eastern India P?la art.Therefore,the author chooses the typical East India P?la art works and the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings to compare the iconography and style,and carries out the research from the diachronic and synchronic perspective.In order to better grasp the evolution process of East India's P?la art,the author traces back to India's Gupta period of art,and analyzes the inheritance and evolution between the two.In the process of the development of Tibetan painting art,in addition to the influence of East India's P?la art,the early Tibetan paintings from 11^th to 13^th centuries were also influenced by many factors,including Nepalese painting.At the end of the 12th century,after the collapse of East India's P?la Dynasty,Nepal replaced East India and became the object of Tibetan Buddhist learning.In these early paintings,the elements of Nepalese painting are also integrated into the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings.Therefore,this paper also tries to analyze the Nepalese elements in the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings.The P?la-inspired Tibetan painting art mainly inherits the Buddhist images and decorative elements of the East India's P?la style art,the hierarchical system of image and the common composition.Therefore,the P?la-inspired Tibetan painting belongs to the continuation of the art of eastern India's P?la style in Tibet.Under the guidance and cooperation of local painters and craftsmen in Tibet and painters and craftsmen from eastern India,Nepal and Kashmir,the P?la-inspired Tibetan painting shows the appropriate adjustment to meet the needs of local religion,and this kind of painting improvement.To a large extent,it is the replacement of the central figure and the change of local decoration.That is,on the premise of not changing the overall composition,some elements are replaced.Due to the religious function of Tibetan Buddhist painting,once its painting image is finalized,it is possible that it will remain unchanged for hundreds of years.Therefore,we cannot simply use the modeling and color features of traditional Western painting as the main basis for style judgment.Moreover,for the needs of religious monks and personal beliefs,generations of painters or craftsmen have been copying the same images based on the previous models or oral techniques,so there are many uncertain factors in judging styles based on images.The main judging factor of the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings is the typical decorative art elements chosen by painters in the process of imitating and adjusting the established image and composition.But in addition,there are other factors,which can also be used as one of the auxiliary elements of style judgment.Based on the imitation of East Indian painting and statue art,the P?la-inspired Tibetan painting is a painting style formed by carefully changing local elements in the process of imitation,following its established statue and painting hierarchy and stylized composition,combining with the functional needs of Tibetan local religious belief and decoration.This painting style is conducive to Tibet's early painting quickly adapt to the needs of religious temples and personal beliefs at a high starting point,and this imitation and self-adjustment played a positive role in the Tibetan painting from 11^th to 13^th centuries.Although in the initial imitation process,there were problems of image misreading and lack of technology,but soon,the early Tibetan painting art reached a remarkable height.The research on the P?la-inspired Tibetan paintings from 11^th to 13^thcenturies has expanded the research dimension of Tibet's early painting with the help of the Han and Tibetan literature records,and the comparison between the sculptures and illustrations of scriptures unearthed from the eastern India and the murals,Thangka and illustrations of scriptures in Early Tibet.