| Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought is an important representative of Chinese traditional classic culture and values,which has a great influence on the later social value orientation and practice.Zhang Juzheng was born in an ordinary family,which made him more deeply understand the sufferings of the people and the crux of the current malady.Then,he applied medicine to the case,carried out a comprehensive and systematic reform of the country,and opened up a ten-year “Wanli New Deal”,which can be described as remarkable achievements.The background of Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought was the severe situation faced by the Ming Dynasty at that time.Zhang Juzheng lived in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.He witnessed the declining state power since Zhengde and Jiajing.In the Ming Dynasty,land annexation,unequal taxes and corvee,and the exploitation of the people by the officials and gentry led to the continuous occurrence of peasant uprisings.The decline of the Ming Dynasty gave foreign enemies a chance to take advantage of the invasion of "Japanese pirates" and the harassment of Tatar nobles,which seriously affected the security of the country.In the stormy Ming Dynasty,Emperor Jiajing was unmoved.Emperor Jiajing lived in Xiyuan palace for a long time and no longer discussed politics in front of the dynasty.He spent most of his time in the pursuit of alchemy and Taoism.He was infatuated with the art of immortality.He did not go to the early Dynasty for several years,and the country's politics was deteriorating day by day.Because the emperor did not go to the court,the handling of internal and external affairs of the court fell on Yan Song,the first assistant.Yan Song,who was specially favored by the emperor,took the opportunity to seize power,eliminate dissidents,corrupt and pervert the law,and the imperial court was in a state of chaos.At this time,Zhang Juzheng stood out and stepped on the stage of history.Zhang Juzheng entered the academy as the editor of the Academy.Based on the confusion of the government,he published on the current affairs.He euphemistically pointed out that mingshizong did not pay attention to the government,did not care for the officials,and all kinds of evils that plagued the country and the people at that time.It can be said that he was brave and showed his political burden.This is the first time that Zhang's ethical thought has been systematically expounded.Although the memorial was not valued and adopted by Shizong in the end,Zhang Juzheng's ambition of not being mediocre and unwilling to be mediocre was vividly demonstrated.In the Ming Dynasty,Zhang Juzheng,a man of great ambition,rarely emerged.Compared with most people who play politics and seek personal interests,it is rare for Zhang Juzheng to have such an ambition.However,Zhang Juzheng had no choice but to devote his blood to the country,but he was never used again.At one time,he took a leave to return home.But Zhang Juzheng has a very high moral cultivation.He adheres to the noble cultivation of official morality and cultivates his moral sentiment with the cultivation of official morality at all times."Determination" is an important category in the cultivation of official morality.Zhang Juzheng set up a scientific world outlook,outlook on life and values with “determination” as his life path,guiding and motivating himself to actively achieve the goal of life.However,the cruelty of reality gave Zhang Juzheng,a newcomer to the official arena,a heavy burden of ambition.Zhang Juzheng believes that we should be determined.Success is not achieved overnight,but always meets with difficulties and obstacles.The long-term,arduous and tortuous nature of the struggle are all the problems Zhang Juzheng has to face.Zhang Juzheng,who was deeply trapped in the fog,had the belief that he would go back to his hometown to cultivate himself rather than mingle with others.Zhang Juzheng,who was dormant at home,did not forget his original intention.“Determined to” let him continue to study poetry and books,study the state's affairs,enter into the farmers to feel their suffering,and finally formed the "people-oriented" thought with Zhang Juzheng's characteristics.After returning to the official arena,Zhang Juzheng once again published Chen Liushi Shu,which was a reform plan put forward by Zhang Juzheng under the condition that various social contradictions gradually gathered and sharpened in the middle of the Ming Dynasty.This reform can not only represent the fundamental interests of the landlord class,but also partially reflect the aspirations of the oppressed class,and has a broader social basis.Chen Liushi Shu is obviously more mature than the former on current affairs and politics Shu,and its current disadvantages cover all aspects of the country.Zhang Juzheng clearly and systematically revealed the responsibility of the rulers,and raised it to the level of the root of social chaos,which also reflected the acuteness of Zhang Juzheng's thought.He hoped that the emperor could play a good leading role in changing the decline of the Ming Dynasty.The emergence of Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought is accompanied by his reform,and the two complement each other and promote each other.It is with the official reform of Zhang Juzheng that the cultivation of official morality of Zhang Juzheng is so rich and meaningful.It is thanks to the guidance of the cultivation of official morality that Zhang Ju Zheng's reform of official administration can be effectively promoted.The theory of official moral cultivation is an important part of Zhang Juzheng's ethics.In the theory of official morality cultivation,Zhang Juzheng especially emphasized the responsibility of doing things as a person,just out of the sense of responsibility of taking the world as his own duty.Zhang Juzheng took the courage to take responsibility as the basis of being an official.The officials who should be diligent and responsible for the country are seriously lack of sense of responsibility.They are devoted to poems that have nothing to do with the state affairs and the people's livelihood.Some even form the party and run the private sector for their own self-interest,resulting in the dilemma of corruption in the officialdom.This kind of ethics,which emphasizes the mind of the world and regards the world's worries and pleasures as worries and pleasures,has been completely forgotten.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng put forward the requirement of official morality of diligent administration and duty keeping.Zhang Juzheng hoped that officials would be diligent in political affairs,devoted to their duties,and conscientiously and responsibly work for the country and the people.Zhang Juzheng asked the officials to uphold the “should” ethical consciousness they should have.This kind of “ought to” consciousness evaluates the behavior made by the two standards of “ought to” and “ought not to”,arouses the moral self-discipline in the hearts of officials.At the same time,Zhang Juzheng stressed the role of the rule of law in the supervision and restraint of officials.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng issued the “test into law”,focusing on improving the administrative efficiency of officials and enhancing their sense of responsibility in performing their duties.The promulgation of the “examination into law” directly evaluates the work of officials and ensures the effective implementation of the reform of official administration in the form of system,which is the core of the reform of official administration.“Examination into law” has established a complete set of examination system,with clear rewards and punishments,which really plays the role of supervision and restriction,governance and accountability,and elimination of useless people.Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought has the remarkable characteristics of being practical and practical.This is also an important embodiment of Zhang Juzheng's advocacy of practical learning.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng attaches great importance to the role of selecting talents,and sets the standard of talent selection as the important task of helping the times and the world,which is urgently needed by the country.In the selection of talents,Zhang Juzheng attaches great importance to the discovery and selection of talents in practice,and advocates the selection of reform talents who are brave in their duties,not afraid of fatigue and diligent in practical work.For those officials who are hypocritical and conservative,they will not be reused.Zhang Ju is a person who advocates reality,strives for efficiency and pays attention to practical work.Zhang Juzheng's view is very insightful.It is helpful to ensure the use of talents with real ability and learning,and to reverse the habit of paying for empty words in the late Ming Dynasty.Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought inherits the classical Confucian ethical thought.He attaches great importance to the role of“benevolence”.His people-oriented thought embodies the practice of“benevolence”.Zhang Juzheng took peace with the people as the foundation of governing the country.Out of his love for the people,he began to solve the needs of people's life,lightened the burden of the people and stabilized the social situation.At the same time,Zhang Juzheng agreed with the Confucian view that moral education plays an important role in national governance,and his ethical thought contains many contents of “Moral Governance”.Zhang Juzheng regards the sage highly praised by Confucianism as an example of himself and his education to Emperor Wanli.Zhang Juzheng affirmed the role of Confucian officials in the early Ming Dynasty,and imitated the role of Confucian officials who had assisted the emperor to assist the young Emperor Wanli in governing the country.Zhang Juzheng attached great importance to the education of morality and Taoism,and took morality as the most important factor in talent cultivation.In the education of Emperor Wanli,he devoted himself to instilling the noble morality of Confucian monarch into the little emperor's mind step by step,eager to cultivate a monarch through his own efforts.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng constantly instilled the idea of“benevolence” into Emperor Wanli,and constantly explained the importance of “benevolence” to the young emperor.Zhang Juzheng himself also regarded "Virtue" as the highest standard of his own life cultivation,which always revealed his admiration for the sages.Zhang Juzheng was deeply influenced by Confucianism.He took“benevolence” as an important theoretical basis of his ethical thought and embodied it in specific reform activities.At the same time,Zhang Juzheng was also full of reading legalist classics and deeply influenced the legalist thought of “law”.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng is not limited to Confucianism.In turbulent times,he knows that the most urgent thing is to change the past shortcomings and restore the prosperity of the early Ming Dynasty.So he based on the reality of the Ming Dynasty,compatible with some of the legalist ideas,and then carried out radical reform.Zhang Juzheng emphasized the role of “law” in national governance,and he believed that “law” and "benevolence" are both important means to maintain national stability.In the practice of specific governance,Zhang Juzheng paid more attention to “hegemony”.Therefore,Zhang Juzheng's ethical thought is the combination of Confucian ethical thought and Legalist ethical thought under the premise of Legalist “rule of law”.The reform needs courage.It is precisely because of Zhang Juzheng's determination to cherish the world and devote himself to the country,that the great reform lasted for ten years and gave the declining Ming Dynasty a revival situation.Zhang Juzheng of internal Confucianism and external law combined the “benevolence” of Confucianism with the “law” of Legalists to resolutely crack down on the behavior against morality and law.Although some people criticized the cruel means and the lack of “benevolence” thought,he was not moved by it.In line with the principle of practical application and economy of the country,he sought practical and eliminated useless work,and finally achieved remarkable results.Under the guidance of Zhang Juzheng's ethics,people's livelihood problems have been well solved,and people have a stable environment of living and working in peace and contentment.At the same time,the reform also brought about economic improvement,greatly alleviated the threat of national defense,and achieved a rare border stability.At the same time,it also brought various trade exchanges between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minorities,and promoted ethnic exchanges.Through the study of Zhang Juzheng's ethics,we hope to find more breakthroughs on the basis of the study of Confucian ethics and deepen the research of ethics. |
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