| During the song and Yuan Dynasties,there was a long-term confrontation between song,Jin and Xixia.Mongolian tribes rose from the northern grassland with great military advantages and conquering ambition.They continued to attack everywhere for years,destroying the original regime one by one.Kublai Khan imitated the Han law and established the Central Plains Dynasty with the dual system of "Inner Mongolia and outer Han".Although the Yuan Dynasty opened up a vast territory,ended the hundreds of years of North-South Division since the Five Dynasties,and realized the unprecedented unity,coexistence and cultural exchange of multi-ethnic groups,after the demise of the original regime,the unified dynasty,which was dominated by ethnic minorities for the first time,faced the challenges of various social and cultural problems.It is not only necessary to restore social order and maintain the operation of the system,but also to complete the integration of multi-ethnic cultures and the inheritance of Chinese cultural traditions.However,in order to maintain a stable ruling position,the rulers of Mongolian Yuan mostly implemented the policies of national privileges and national discrimination in politics,economy and culture.With the opening of the whole Yuan Dynasty,all kinds of people,including the Mongolian nation,and even the whole society,had more or less changes in the original structure and culture during this period.Then,how to adapt to social changes,ease social contradictions and maintain social operation,the government and people of the Yuan Dynasty need to share wisdom and efforts.Undoubtedly,the protection of people's livelihood is the most effective and basic content and method.In fact,the policies,measures and institutional construction of government relief in the Yuan Dynasty are far less than those in the Song Dynasty.Not only are the laws and regulations of social relief and the construction of social relief lacking,but also the existing social relief policies are abolished from time to time due to the lack of experience in people's livelihood security in Mongolia and Yuan Dynasty,often in a situation of weak implementation and lack of maintenance.Although the scale,quality and effect of official relief in the Yuan Dynasty were far from those in the Song Dynasty,various social forces dominated by scholars at the folk level still insisted on implementing or advocating various charitable deeds in the vast Han area,followed the charity tradition of the previous generation,and became a reliable force for smooth government management,local social stability and people's survival.Therefore,it is necessary to deeply explore the issue of charity in the Yuan Dynasty,overview and think about the specific face of charity and its subject in the Yuan Dynasty,as well as the social changes in the Yuan Dynasty behind it.Looking back on the history of the development of Chinese traditional social charity,a new secular charity was formed in the Song Dynasty,and its influence extended to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even the Republic of China.Since the Song Dynasty coincided with the reform period of the Tang and Song Dynasties,the Song Dynasty was the beginning of modern times.The Yuan Dynasty inherited the influence of the Song Dynasty and opened the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Therefore,this charity,which originated in the Song Dynasty and evolved in the Yuan Dynasty,can be named modern charity.Then,as a key period for the development of charity in Chinese traditional society,the Yuan Dynasty needs to return to the historical scene to explore in detail how the charity in the Yuan Dynasty passed down,what fate it encountered,and why it was inherited by the Ming and Qing Dynasties under the unified regime established by Mongolian tribes.According to the historical data,it is found that charity in the Yuan Dynasty is similar to most charity records in history,mostly attached to the records of good people and good deeds,but there is actually an important issue worthy of attention from charity records to charity activities,that is,charity writing.Because charity activities only involve the fact level,charity writing only touches the knowledge level.The previous charity studies mostly summarized the facts from the perspective of overview,and did not emphasize the analysis from the perspective of writing to the level of knowledge.After all,charity records themselves are complex and diverse.It is necessary to get to the bottom of the matter and understand the "structure,character and writing intention" of charity texts from the perspective of the most basic text history.In this way,it is very possible to achieve a return to nature understanding of charity.If we want to understand how the modern charity tradition was transmitted in the Yuan Dynasty,we need to clarify the related problems of charity writing in the Yuan Dynasty.Moreover,the unification of the Yuan Dynasty led to the violent collision and interweaving of grassland culture and Central Plains culture.The complex ethnic composition and internal composition reconstruction of social groups are obvious.There are bound to be some differences in the charity records and behaviors of different groups.The basic situation and characteristics of various social groups' charity in the Yuan Dynasty can be deeply understood from the writing of charity.Therefore,as an important folk charity for people's livelihood in the Yuan Dynasty,the charity of the Yuan Dynasty connected by modern philanthropy,and the charity profile of different groups in the Yuan Dynasty,we can focus on the charity groups in the Yuan Dynasty for in-depth investigation.Specifically,based on the collation and analysis of the typical text epitaphs of the charity records and behaviors of social groups in the Yuan Dynasty,we can understand the writing and characteristics of group charity in the Yuan Dynasty,To perceive the status of charity in Yuan Dynasty in modern times,and its inheritance and development of traditional social charity culture.It can be seen that under the special historical background of the Yuan Dynasty and the key position of charity in modern times,the most direct face is the changes of various social groups of the main body of charity implementation under the impact and blending of multiculturalism.Nobles,officials,scholars,enriching the people,monks and Taoists,women have experienced some complex changes or reconstruction in class,occupation,or gender.Therefore,it is necessary to make a detailed analysis and in-depth excavation of how the charitable acts of various groups in the Yuan dynasty recorded and changed in the connection and change of class composition,occupational differentiation and gender division.In order to truly understand the actual face of various groups' charity,it is necessary to restore the generation process of various groups' charity as much as possible,and cooperate with government management,the relationship between local society and even the group itself is clear,so from the perspective of charity writing,this paper focuses on the analysis and comparison of the main and key text epitaphs in the charity records of various groups in the Yuan Dynasty,so as to excavate the overall situation and deep power of the charity groups in the Yuan Dynasty.Therefore,charity groups,charity activities and charity writing in the Yuan Dynasty are natural aggregates.It is necessary and possible to comprehensively discuss charity groups,charity activities and charity writing under the control of folk charity issues in the Yuan Dynasty.Under the guidance of the above research theme,this paper is prepared to systematically sort out the epitaphs of charitable groups in the Yuan Dynasty,use the relevant theories and research methods of social history,count and discuss the charitable records and charitable behaviors of various groups in the Yuan Dynasty,and analyze the appearance of group charity in the society at that time.At the same time,starting with the basic historical materials,implement the perspective of historical writing,analyze the ideological concepts and prominent characteristics of various group charity records in the Yuan Dynasty,and elaborate the similarities and differences of various group charities in the Yuan Dynasty from a systematic,connected and comparative perspective.In short,the charitable group activities of the Yuan Dynasty are included in the study of the social history of the Yuan Dynasty,and combined with the perspective of historical writing,the relationship between various group charities,social development and ideological changes in the Yuan Dynasty is systematically,deeply and comprehensively analyzed,in order to be beneficial to the further study of the charitable history and social history of the Yuan Dynasty.According to the above logical arguments and research ideas,the specific design of this paper is as follows:The introduction mainly introduces the significance of this topic and the research results of related problems.At the same time,it explains the main purpose,theoretical positioning and research methods of this paper,as well as the data problems and related concepts that need to be paid attention to,so as to clarify the basic ideas and concepts of theory,method and data.he first part is the charity of aristocratic groups in the Yuan Dynasty.Firstly,it summarizes the basic composition of aristocratic groups in the Yuan Dynasty and counts the aristocratic charity records,so as to sort out,summarize and analyze the historical relics of aristocratic charity in the Yuan Dynasty.Then it systematically discusses the specific content and overall situation of the noble charity activities in the Yuan Dynasty,and on this basis,it considers the characteristics of the Noble Group charity in the government management,local society and the group itself.The second part is the group charity of non scholars and ordinary officials in the Yuan Dynasty.Because the non scholar ordinary officials in the Yuan Dynasty were mixed,it is necessary to analyze their specific composition in detail,count the charity records of non scholar ordinary officials on this basis,and think about the writing types,ideas and other factors behind the charity relics of non scholar ordinary officials.Then carefully understand and think about the content and characteristics of charitable activities of non scholars and ordinary officials.The third part is the group charity of scholars in the Yuan Dynasty.Since the Song Dynasty,the scholar group has become the leading force of folk charity activities.In the Yuan Dynasty,due to the dual rule policy of Inner Mongolia and the Han Dynasty,new changes have taken place in life opportunities,ways of official advancement and social status to a certain extent.Therefore,first of all,we need to clarify the specific composition of the scholar group in the Yuan Dynasty and the proportion of the scholar charity records.Secondly,by combing the relevant charity historical materials,we show the content and role of the scholar group's charity activities,and focus on how the scholar group in the yuan Dynasty follows the folk charity tradition since the Song Dynasty,as well as the characteristics of scholar charity in government management,local society and group development.The fourth part is the group charity of enriching the people in the Yuan Dynasty.The ruling characteristics of the rich people in the Yuan Dynasty are somewhat large.The basic composition of the rich people group first needs to be analyzed clearly,and on this basis,sort out the proportion and writing profile of the rich people's charity records.Then analyze and distinguish the charitable historical materials in the epitaphs of enriching the people in the Yuan Dynasty,and sort out the specific contents and characteristics of enriching the people's charitable activities.The fifth part is the charity of monks and Taoists in the Yuan Dynasty.In order to gain the respect of the government,it is necessary to understand the main composition of the monks and Taoists in the Yuan Dynasty,and dig into the specific situation of their large number of inscriptions but few charity records.Secondly,it analyzes the content and characteristics of charitable activities of monks and Taoists in the Yuan Dynasty.The sixth part is the charity of women's groups in the Yuan Dynasty.The women's groups in the Yuan Dynasty are classified from gender,involving a wide range of strata.Therefore,first sort out the main composition of women's groups,count the proportion of women's charity records in the Yuan Dynasty,analyze the general situation of women's charity writing,and then understand the content and characteristics of women's charity activities in the Yuan Dynasty.Finally,this paper makes a simple summary,summarizes the overall appearance of charitable group activities in the Yuan Dynasty,and pays attention to the characteristics X and differences of charitable writing and the characteristics of charitable activities among various groups in the Yuan Dynasty.Among these chapters to be completed,the relevant topics in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 are the most critical,because the data of epitaphs and charity records of non scholars,ordinary officials and scholars are huge,and charity activities are relatively rich and contribute.In general,by exploring the relationship and interaction between various groups' charitable activities,social operation and values in the Yuan Dynasty,this paper can provide some historical experience and reference value for the in-depth study of the charity history,relief history and security history of the Yuan Dynasty,as well as the current social groups' active participation in charity,promoting the development of public welfare and inheriting the tradition of charity culture.Through research,it is found that various groups in the Yuan Dynasty continued to maintain the richness and activity of charitable activities since the Song Dynasty,and followed the charitable tradition of the previous generation.Through charitable acts,some of the existing wealth and resources of various groups in the Yuan Dynasty successfully completed the flow,redistributed among clans,townships and more open objects and regions,provided help and contributions to family prosperity,local stability and government operation,and conveyed the tradition of benevolence and mutual assistance and humanistic warm care,which became a way to highlight their own social value An important platform and channel for fulfilling social responsibility.In addition,through the similarities and differences shown in the group perspective and historical writing,it is found that there are some characteristics and manifestations of various charitable groups in the Yuan Dynasty in charitable writing,charitable activities and charitable cultural tradition.Generally speaking,the charity writing and charity behavior of various groups in the Yuan Dynasty are different,and there is a certain degree of evolution.However,the charity in the Yuan Dynasty basically continues to transmit the charity cultural tradition since the previous generation,which belongs to the key connection stage of "modern charity",and makes contributions to the accumulation and inheritance of Chinese charity culture.It can also be seen that although the Yuan Dynasty is different from the previous Central Plains Dynasty,the Mongolian tribes established the political system of "Inner Mongolia and outer Han",which has become a more characteristic period in Chinese history,the dual standard system implemented by the Mongolian Yuan rulers is actually only a kind of political dual standard.At the social and cultural levels,the Chinese cultural system is inclusive,the core attraction is increasing,all kinds of people of different cultures are gradually integrated into the Chinese national community,and the Chinese cultural tradition,including charity,continues to play its role in the Yuan Dynasty and pass on to future generations.Generally speaking,although there are some obscurations in writing,the value and contribution of various groups' charitable activities in the Yuan Dynasty are also fully displayed in the epitaphs.The charity content of various groups can be divided into three categories: disaster relief and famine relief,poverty relief and public welfare.Through charity activities,it has a substantive role in government management,local society and the group itself,continuing the prosperity and development trend of previous generations of charity activities.Moreover,various groups in the Yuan Dynasty fulfilled their social responsibilities and gave full play to their own values through charitable activities,and their talents,morality,abilities and contributions were preserved in the memory construction and evaluation system of families and places.It is not only conducive to strengthening the sense of identity and cohesion between relatives and communities,but also widely spread blood geographical fraternity,mutual assistance and humanistic care,so that the charity tradition of the song and Yuan Dynasties has been better inherited under the common actions of various groups,and laid a historical foundation for carrying forward the charity tradition of traditional Chinese social groups. |
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