Research On The Changes Of The Concept Of "Socialism" In Modern China (1899-1921)

Historical experience shows that as a linguistic representation of historical changes,the concept itself is constantly developing.In different times,with the continuous transformation of the central domain of thought,the meaning of the concept is constantly changing.The same is true of the change of the concept of socialism in the early modern China.In different historical periods,due to the difference of political situation and cultural atmosphere,different social strata have formed the scene of translation and dissemination.For modern China,although the concept of "socialism" originally entered China as an imported word,it can not weaken its great shock to the social change,ideological change and cultural development of modern China.On the contrary,the absorption,creation and application of the concept of "socialism" not only triggered the term revolution of the concept of "socialism" itself,but also contributed to the same frequency resonance of social revolution,political revolution and ideological revolution in China.In view of this,this paper intends to take the late 19 th century to the 1920 s as the main period of investigation,and tries to explore the historical trace and cultural significance of Marx's "socialism" thought in the early China from the change of the concept of "socialism ".At the end of the 19 th century,the concept of socialism ushered in a period of crisis in China.In this period,driven by the movement of national salvation and the trend of thought of learning from the west to the east,the "socialist" words as heterogeneous cultures slowly entered China.The word "socialism" introduced into China inadvertently broke into the eyes of the Chinese,and attracted the attention of early missionaries,envoys stationed abroad in the late Qing Dynasty and the Chinese intellectual elite.In order to preach,safeguard the interests of the class and save the country,they respectively made a preliminary exploration of the "socialist" words.To sum up,at that time,most of the Chinese people came into contact with the "socialist" words imported from the West through three ways: first,the sporadic introduction of "socialism" by missionaries in China through newspapers,periodicals and missionary activities;second,the introduction of a number of socialist words by foreign envoys in the late Qing Dynasty through overseas travel notes," expositions," and so on;and third,the Chinese intellectual elite learned about "socialism" by examining the Western workers' movement in the course of running newspapers and studying abroad.After entering the 20 th century,the increasingly prosperous trend of thought of learning from the west and studying abroad brought the concept of "socialism" into a new period in China.In this period,because of policy tendency and geographical preference,most people choose "socialism" as the blueprint and "socialism" as the supplement in Europe and America.Compared with the vague cognition of the translation of "socialism" by missionaries,foreign envoys and Chinese intellectual elite in the late Qing Dynasty,the intellectuals' grasp of "socialism" words in this stage has been greatly improved.It can be said that under the dual choice of bourgeois reformists and revolutionaries,the word "socialism" has a continuous relationship with all kinds of ideological trends in character;in the use of content,There is an imbalance between Marxist political economy and Marxist philosophy;in translation,gradually break through a single transliteration,and replace it with a combination of translation and evaluation.Despite the translation of socialism in China has made some progress.However,the local culture's subjective choice of individual principles of socialism caused the term to not only fail to take root in China,but also caused a bifurcation in meaning.After entering the May Fourth Movement,the Chinese people's perception of the concept of "socialism" has undergone drastic changes.With the awakening of new intellectual groups and the deepening of the nation-state crisis,the concept of socialism is no longer a simple language category.At this time,the "scientificity" and "multi-layeredness" of the concept have become important characteristics for understanding "socialism." In the disputes and games of intellectuals,the concept of socialism has gradually shown a multifaceted aspect with Marx's “socialism” as the mainstay and various socialisms as the supplement.It is true that we say that at this stage,the Marxist concept of socialism caused drastic fluctuations in the awakening of modern intellectual groups and the mentality of the nation-state.However,since people have not yet fully contacted the classic texts of Marx and Marx,they could not feel the Marxist society.The power of the concept of ism.Therefore,at this stage,their translation of the concept of socialism is sometimes just right,and sometimes they fall into the misunderstanding of one-line understanding.This concept has undoubtedly contributed to the worship of mechanical socialism by absolutism and radicalism.When the wheel of history continues to move forward until it enters the stage of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party,the concept of "scientific socialism",especially the concept of "Marxism-Leninism",has opened up new channels for the translation,introduction and dissemination of Marx's concept of "socialism".At this stage,the concept of "socialism" has undergone paradigm changes in terms of the main force of communication,the content of communication,the way of communication,and the characteristics of communication.As far as the main force of dissemination is concerned.Early intellectuals with communist thoughts quickly grew into early communists with a firm belief in communism during their stay in France and Russia and during the domestic revolutionary movement.As far as the content of the spread.During this period,“socialism” mostly took “scientific socialism” and “Marxism-Leninism” as the blueprint,and systematically discussed the issues of revolutionary power,economic production,development stages,socialist roads,and state functions.The depth is unmatched in any previous period.As far as the way of spreading.A diversified,threedimensional and bidirectional communication pattern has been formed.There are not only newspapers and publishing houses propagating and reporting on Marx's "socialism",but also associations,research associations,libraries,bookstores,communications,and advertisements.The above turn indicates that in the 1920 s,the original scientific socialism did not weaken in China due to its special foreign word identity.Instead,it spread consciously among many intellectuals,the working class,and the peasantry.Became the "really meaningful communication" in the early stage of modern China.Of course,the concept of "socialism" is constantly changing and is closely related to the translator's thinking.With the victory of the October Revolution and the growth of early Marxists,people's understanding of Marx's concept of "socialism" was closer to China's reality.They can not only accurately grasp the connotation and extension of the concept,but also make sober thinking about social transformation and China's way out.Based on this,the early group of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Communist Party were able to quickly establish themselves in the turbulent situation.In short,the spread of the concepts of "scientific socialism" and "Marxism-Leninism" in China has provided the Chinese Communist Party with an ideological,organizational,and practical foundation.