Study On The Pattern And Function Evolution Of Tourism Type Rural Settlements

Tourism type rural settlement is a complete unit of all natural processes and human activities in a certain regional environment.Guizhou Province is rich in rural tourism resources and settlement cultures.Many problems have occurred,such as the disordered expansion of land,the excessive development of natural and cultural resources,the destruction of ecological environment,and the inability to completely transfer rural labor force,etc.,in the development process of many villages.Most of these problems are closely related to the evolution process of rural settlements.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the evolution of tourism type rural settlement to explore the general laws and influencing factors of their evolution for promoting the transformation and development of rural settlements.This paper selects three rural settlements as research cases,including the rural settlement of relying type(Shitouzhai),the rural settlement of ethnic village type(Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village)and the rural settlement of suburb type(Wanggang Village)respectively,which have the typical and representative pattern and function evolution.Taking the initial development of Guizhou rural tourism as the research starting point and the implementation of tourism policies as the breaking point,as well as the applications of GIS based on the spatial analysis,spatial econometric model,landscape ecology and economics,the survey data of rural settlements in 1984,1997,2005,2013 and 2018 are used to analyze the evolution of the spatial pattern of rural settlements and the transformation of settlement function,in order to explore the dynamic evolution track and the process of functional transformation of three different types of rural settlements,analyze the coupling state of pattern and function,deconstruct the internal mechanism of the tourism type rural settlement,and design the path of optimization of the pattern and the reconstruction of the functions of different tourism type of rural settlements.(1)Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village are three typical tourism type rural settlement,which have obvious differences in the scale of land use,plane form and landscape diversity index,etc.In terms of the evolution of settlement scale: in the past 34 years,(1)the expansion intensity of Shitouzhai rural settlement has experienced three stages: slow growth,rapid growth and growth decline.The expansion intensity of Xijiang Qianhu Miao village has experienced four stages: slow growth,growth decline,rapid growth and growth decline.The expansion intensity of Wanggang village has experienced two stages: slow growth and rapid growth.Before 2005,the expansion intensities of the three studied areas were not rapid,and there were no significant changes.But in 2013,the expansion intensities of Shitouzhai village and Xijiang Qianhu Miao village increased sharply and the settlement expansions were obvious,while Wanggang village did not change much.In 2018,the expansion intensities of Shitouzhai village and Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village decreased being compared to the previous study period,while Wanggang village increased sharply in this period.From the history,the land use intensities of the three rural settlements are found rising constantly in the past 34 years.Overall,the intensity and speed of the evolution of the settlement scale of Qianhu Miao village in Xijiang are higher than those of Shitouzhai and Wanggang villages.(2)In terms of settlement form,the changes of plane shape of three rural settlements are "from simple to complex".Initially,Shitouzhai gathered on the slope of wujiapo as a group.Then,influenced by tourism activities,the flat land,highway and riverside around the foot of the multi-directional slope expanded in large group and linear mode.The original settlement of Qianhu Miao village in Xijiang River was connected by consanguinity,forming many cores concentrated on the hillsides on both sides of the valley.After that,each core settlement gradually grew in a filling mode,then grew in a belt mode along both sides of the road and the river.The original core settlement boundary disappeared,forming a larger clustering with belt and enclave type settlement expansion mode with stronger aggregation.Wanggang village is composed of two villages with independent settlement space.Shang Wanggang village took the original settlement as the core and expanded in a cluster shape along the flat cultivated land around.Then it expanded gradually along both sides of the road from northwest to southeast,showing a fish-bone linear growth mode.In each studying period,Xia Wanggang village took the original settlement as the core and expanded to the surrounding agglomerations.(3)In terms of settlement landscape pattern,the patch number,patch density,landscape diversity index and evenness index of the rural settlement in the three study areas show an overall upward trend in the past 34 years.It shows that the settlement land is more and more intensive,but there is also a trend of fragmentation,diversity of the composition of settlement landscape types and decline of landscape homogeneity.(2)The function development indexes of Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village's rural settlements have obvious stage based differences.In the past 34 years,the functions of rural settlements in the three studied areas have gradually changed from the functions of living and agricultural production to diversification.(1)In terms of living function: the living function index of Shitouzhai village and Wanggang village is increasing year by year,while the overall living function value of Miao village in Xijiang is gradually decreasing.(2)In terms of agricultural production function: the agricultural function indexes of Shitouzhai and Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village's rural settlements have went through two stages of rise and fall,while Wanggang Village Rural Settlement agricultural function index is constantly rising.(3)In terms of non-agricultural production function: the non-agricultural production function indexes provided by rural settlements in the three studied areas show significant increase in the study period,with the overall growth rate ranked as "Xijiang Qianhu Miao village> Wanggang village>Shitouzhai".In(4)terms of the general function of rural settlements: having been influenced by the overall transformation and development of the tourism service-oriented economy in the studied areas,the functional values of rural settlements in Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village all changed in stages.Among them,the general functional index of rural settlements in Shitouzhai appeared two stages of "rise and fall" in the study period from 1984 to 2018,meanwhile,there was a constant rise in Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village.The general functional value of Miao villages in Xijiang increased the most.(3)There is a certain relationship between the change of tourism type rural settlement pattern characteristics and the evolution depth of rural settlement function transformation.(1)The change of settlement pattern and functional value of Shitouzhai and Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village shows a change from the“increasing simultaneously type”to the“one increasing and the other decreasing type",while Wanggang village shows a state of "synchronous growth" of pattern and functional value.(2)The coupling degree of rural settlement pattern and function in the three study areas showed a continuous rise in the study period.They all entered the coupling stage of high correlation degree of rural settlement pattern and function after 2005.(3)The coupling coordination degree of rural settlement pattern and function in the three study areas continued to rise during the study period,and Miao village and Wanggang village in Xijiang River entered a good stage of coordinated development.Meanwhile,the development stage of the coupling coordination degree of rural settlement pattern and function in Shitouzhai village experienced a "rising and falling",but it still remained in the primary stage of coordinated development at the end of the study period.(4)The evolution of rural settlement pattern and function in Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village is the result of natural conditions,economic factors and policy factors.The influencing factors of rural settlemen(1)t pattern and function evolution in Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village are similar,but also different.he similarity is mainly reflected in the fact that the influence factors of natural conditions have no obvious effect on the pattern and function evolution of three different tourism type rural settlements,while the economic and policy factors have become the active driving factors of the pattern and function evolution of tourism type rural settlements.The differences are reflected in the different influence degree of each influencing factor on the rural settlement pattern and functional evolution in the three study areas.According to the analysis and calculation,the differences of economic factors on the function coefficients of tourism type rural settlement pattern and functional evolution are as follows: Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village > Wanggang village > Shitouzhai.The differences of policy factors on the function coefficients of tourism type rural settlement pattern and functional evolution are as follows: Xijiang Qianhu Miao Village > Shitouzhai > Wanggang village.Economic factors(2)play a leading role in the evolution of rural settlement pattern and function in Shitouzhai,Xijiang Qianhu Miao village and Wanggang village.Among them,the economic factors of Shitouzhai are related to the tourism economy of Huangguoshu scenic spot.The economic factors of Xijiang Qianhu Miao village are mainly due to its own tourism industry development,while the economic factors of Wanggang village are related to the urban economic radiation.(5)It is to propose the optimization path of rural settlement pattern and function.Combined with the goal of the optimization of the pattern and function system of tourism type rural settlement,and based on the analysis of the problems existing in the "pattern function" two dimensions of the system of tourism type rural settlement,this paper puts forward three types of optimization model of tourism type rural settlement,including the "scenic area dependent rural settlements(supplementary development type)",the "ethnic village type rural settlement(peripheral expansion type)" and the “suburban type rural settlement(moderate expansion type)".Three types of optimization models of tourism type rural settlement pattern: scenic area dependent rural settlement(close development support type),ethnic village type rural settlement(dominant development maintenance type)and suburban type rural settlement(comprehensive development potential type),to promote the settlement of the contradictions faced by rural settlements.At the same time,a reference direction for promoting the optimization of tourism type rural settlement system is provided.