A Study On The Evolution Of Latin American Economic Development Model

Because Latin American countries have a strong consistency in historical experience,language,religion and customs,and have adopted a similar development path in the exploration of modernization,this paper takes the whole region of Latin America as the research object to study the development model.Since Latin American countries gained national independence in the early 19th century,they have been trying to explore their own economic development model.Latin America has experienced the development strategy under the guidance of classical liberalism,developmentalism,Neo liberalism and Neo developmentalism,and implemented such economic development models as export of primary products,import substitution industrialization,Neo liberalism and Neo developmentalism.However,after more than 200 years of modernization exploration,Latin American countries,as the pioneers of developing countries,still fail to enter the ranks of developed countries.In the process of its development,a series of problems that hinder economic and social progress are typical and regular.The study of Latin American economic development model can help us to have a deeper understanding of the factors that affect economic development,explore what kind of development path a country or region should choose,and examine the factors of production,the relationship between government and market,and the impact of opening up on economic development.Based on the perspective of development economics,taking time as the main line,this paper comprehensively and systematically combs the evolution process of Latin America's economic development mode since national independence,analyzes in detail the economic and social reasons for the formation of each economic development mode,as well as the economic and social impact,and summarizes the historical experience and lessons,so as to play a meaningful role in China's economic development and construction It can be used for reference.From the development mode of export of primary products,the development mode of import substitution industrialization,the development mode of new liberalism to the development mode of "socialism in the 21st century" in Latin American economic development mode since the 21st century,which is in the power of radical left-wing government,and the new development mode in the power of moderate left-wing government.In the process of the evolution of Latin American economic development model,Latin American economic development model has gone through the stage of "outward-inward-outward",forming a pendulum movement.In each stage of development,the choice of economic development mode has its historical rationality and inevitability,and has made remarkable achievements.However,each mode of development has been pushed to some extreme in the process of implementation,resulting in the transformation of the two modes is often "broken",that is,the latter mode is often the negation of the former mode and the big change of policy.In every economic development models Latin American countries' development strategies always miss the best opportunity of structural adjustment and model transformation.When the crisis comes,they turn 180 degrees.The rapid transformation of development model often causes severe impact on economic and social development.The "pendulum" development of economy leads to the discontinuity of economic growth,aggravates the vulnerability of Latin American economy,and makes Latin American countries still unable to get rid of the dependent status.In dealing with the relationship between government and market,governments tend to be extreme.The traditional export mode of primary products leads to Latin America's dependence on the capitalist world system,advocating free market and excluding the government's economic management function.Under the mode of import substitution industrialization,the government intervenes in economy and implements planned economy.The new liberalism economic reform is more market-oriented,radical privatization measures in some countries have led to severe social unrest,seriously affecting people's trust in democratic institutions.In the 21st century,some new left-wing regimes began to adjust the relationship between government and market again through nationalization measures.At present,the global frequent economic crisis has declared the failure of the new liberalism policy,which is completely market-oriented and abandons the government's supervision.It is a consensus that the government should maintain certain supervision power over the market.It also shows that no single development model or strategy can provide a feasible blueprint for successful economic development,either in developed countries or in developing countries.The pendulum phenomenon of Latin American economic development has created the vulnerability of Latin American economy,"resource curse" and "middle income trap" have become the distinct labels of Latin America.Latin America is the most abundant natural resources area in the world.It has all kinds of minerals,energy resources,agricultural,forestry,livestock and fishery products needed for the development of human economy and society.However,in Latin America,which is rich in resources,the export-oriented economic development has not brought rich life to the Latin American people.On the contrary,there are some phenomena that are not conducive to sustained economic growth,such as the long-term low level of economic development,the extremely unequal income distribution,the serious shortage of human capital investment,the prevalence of corruption and rent-seeking activities,and the frequent internal wars.Due to the single economic structure of Latin American countries caused by various reasons,some or a few natural resource exports have appeared obvious "resource curse" effect.The mistakes of economic development strategy,the lack of industrial growth,the obvious gap of income distribution,the excessive development of urbanization,the instability of macroeconomic policies,the tradition of colonial history and the unfavorable institutional conditions all lead to Latin America's long-term "middle-income trap" after it has passed the "poverty trap".The root of this is that Latin America inherited the institutional heritage of the colonial period.In the two hundred years after independence,although its political and economic systems have changed several times,they still haven't changed the "grab"political and economic systems,and can't ensure the competitive democratic mechanism and market mechanism to play a role.