Research On Fiscal Support Policy For Rural Labor's Livelihood Development

Since the implementation of the "precise poverty alleviation" strategy,China's poverty alleviation has undergone an evolution from "system reform to promote poverty alleviation" to "precise poverty alleviation".The poverty governance method has developed from "flood irrigation" to "drip irrigation" and has made world-renowned achievements.Nowadays,China has become the country with the greatest anti-poverty efforts and the most effective results in the world.Under the leadership of the Communist Party and the unremitting efforts of people from all ethnic groups,after eight years of hard work,China finally achieved the goal of lifting all rural poor people and poor counties out of poverty as scheduled.In the "post-poverty era",rural poverty is mainly manifested in three aspects.The first is the "welfare trap".The thinking of “waiting,relying,and wanting” of some poor households leads to a lack of motivation to get rid of poverty.The second is the lack of knowledge.Due to the narrow access channels,and the weakness of quality,ability,and skills,poor households cannot really get out of poverty.The last is the impoverishment of capital.Industrial poverty alleviation cannot form a large-scale pattern,which plays a role in long-term stability and "Blood making".China has always maintained a high degree of emphasis on the issue of "agriculture,rural areas and farmers".Farmers have always been a vulnerable group in our country.Although the situation of farmers has been greatly improved after the Reform and Opening Up,the dual urban-rural structure that has existed in my country for many years has always made the rural economic development,the living conditions of the rural population,and the protection of opportunities and rights lag behind the urban population.As the main way to provide basic public services and an important tool for poverty reduction,fiscal distribution plays a dominant role in poverty governance.If fiscal allocation is tilted to improve the feasible ability of the poor in practice,and build the feasible ability of the poor to resist poverty and prevent the return of poverty,the long-term and stable effect of poverty governance may be achieved to a greater extent.This article takes the rural labor force as the research object and the perspective of poverty vulnerability,basing on poverty governance theory,endogenous development theory,multi-dimensional poverty and its analysis framework,human capital theory,and the basic functions of public finance.We combs and summarizes the current government's fiscal support policies for the development of rural labor livelihoods.Then we calculate the vulnerability to poverty through the Vulnerability as Expected Poverty method and the three-stage feasible generalized least squares method(FGLS),so as to verify the weakening effect of educational expenditures,medical and health expenditures,and social security expenditures on the poverty vulnerability of rural labor and their families.After that,we use the probit model,the ordered logit model,the linear probability regression model with multi-dimensional fixed effects,and the panel binary model to test the two impact mechanisms of risk exposure and risk resistance.Afterwards,we summarize the limitations and reasons of current fiscal support policies.Finally,based on the above information,we design a relatively complete fiscal support system for the rural labor force involving the government,society,and individuals.The main research content includes the following seven parts:Chapter One is the introduction.This chapter gives a detailed introduction to the background and significance of the topic selection of this article,defines the relevant key concepts,summarizes the research ideas,structure and methods,explains the key points,difficulties and innovations of the research,and finally point out the possible development direction of future research.Chapter Two is the literature review.This chapter sorts out and summarizes the related previous researches of poverty vulnerability,poverty governance from the perspective of risk,poverty governance from the perspective of risk response capabilities,and "welfare dependence" and comprehensively reviews the contributions and deficiencies of existing research.Based on the existing research methods and findings,the research direction of this article is proposed.Chapter Three is the theoretical analysis.This chapter introduces the basic theories that support this research,namely poverty governance theory,endogenous development theory,multi-dimensional poverty and its analysis framework,human capital theory,and basic functions of public finance.It analyzes the guiding significance of the theoretical basis for this article.According to basic theory,this chapter proposes a mechanism for rural labor's fiscal support policies to reduce their poverty vulnerability.Chapter Four combs the current situation of fiscal policies on rural labor force.This chapter is divided into two parts according to the direct and the indirect support policies.Among them,direct fiscal support includes fiscal policies on rural labor education,social security,and employment and entrepreneurship.Indirect support policies include fiscal policies on financial capital,rural infrastructure construction,local industries,and guiding the participation of social organizations.Chapter Five is the analysis of the existing problems and restrictive reasons in the development of fiscal support policies for the livelihood of rural laborers.This chapter points out the problems of fiscal support policies in each area of livelihood capital and livelihood strategy,summarizes the shortcomings at the overall level,and deeply analyzes the reasons behind them.Chapter Six explores the effect and mechanism of rural labor fiscal support policies.This chapter proposes research hypotheses based on the theoretical basis in Chapter Three,verifies the impact of fiscal support policies on the poverty vulnerability of rural labor force households,and further validates fiscal policies to improve poverty vulnerability by mechanisms through reducing risk exposure and improving risk response capabilities.Chapter Seven provides suggestions of constructing the fiscal support system of rural labor force.First,the overall framework of the rural labor fiscal support policy system is designed from three aspects: realization mechanism,function positioning and guiding principles.Second,explain the detailed content of the fiscal support policy system from four dimensions: risk management system,human capital support system,financial capital support system,physical capital support system,social capital support system,and livelihood strategy support system.Finally,according to the contents of the other six chapters,suggestions are made on the optimization of the fiscal budget system,fiscal investment mechanism,tax preference system,and fiscal fund supervision and management.The theoretical significance of this article lies in: First,to build a multi-dimensional and comprehensive fiscal policy system that supports the survival and development of rural labor.This study takes into account the diversified development trend of rural labor,establishes a rural labor development system of individual,family,market,and society.Second,to improve the poverty governance system from the perspective of improving the feasible capabilities of poor subjects.Employment is the foundation of livelihood,providing laborers with an economic guarantee for survival.It is also a condition and a way for individuals to integrate into society and enjoy economic development dividends.However,for the poor,such guarantees and conditions are often unavailable,and only relying on the state's passive subsidy policy is not enough to escape from poverty.This article conforms to the concept of endogenous poverty alleviation,and realizes sustainable development by enabling poverty alleviation targets and poor areas to have endogenous development capabilities.Third,to build a vulnerability research framework suitable for China's national conditions.The vulnerability of poverty is a measure of the possibility of a family falling into poverty in the future,and it is the governance of poverty from a certain forward-looking perspective.Considering the long-term effect of anti-poverty,during the post-poverty alleviation period,we should focus on the endogenous abilities of families and individuals,consider the internal and external risks they face.From the perspectives of reducing risks and improving risk resistance,to prevent poverty-stricken families from returning to poverty and non-poor families from falling into poverty.This article provides references for the government to formulate forward-looking poverty governance policies from the perspectives of risk exposure and coping capacity.The practical significance of this article lies in: First,the implementation of basic fiscal functions is in line with the operation of developmental social policies.The "three transformations" proposed during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period as well as solving rural poverty problems and striving to achieve the "two centenary" goals proposed during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period,both emphasized the promotion of the balance of economic and social development.Developmental social policy is a new paradigm that harmonizes economic development and social development.The development and overall support of human capital for rural labor is an effective measure to make up for shortcomings and an important tool to achieve planning goals and promote economic development and social harmony in the long run.As the foundation and important pillar of national governance,public finance is an important tool for the government to perform its duties.Supporting rural labor and increasing the quantity and quality of labor supply can help and implement supply-side structural reforms,bringing economic benefits in the long term.At the same time,it improves the quality of rural labor,so as to play a coordinating role in maintaining social stability and social development.Second,to build core competitiveness for rural revitalization.General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy in the report of the 19 th CPC National Congress.Nowadays,the rural labor force is moving to the city or is approaching the "Lewis turning point." Human capital is the core factor restricting the development of rural economy.Rural revitalization must focus on the development of rural labor force.This article focuses on the revitalization of rural talents,implements the government's guiding role with fiscal policy tools,supports the development of rural labor,and builds rural core competitiveness.Third,to consolidate the results of the struggle against poverty.From the perspective of the smallest unit of society-households,the government's development of rural labor can help poor rural families increase their family income,improve family life quality,maintain family stability,and more importantly,ease the inter-generational transfer of poverty.The government comprehensively considers the disadvantaged conditions of the labor force such as its own educational level,ability and skills,children's education,housing conditions,employment and entrepreneurship resources,so as to improve the quality and capabilities of the rural labor force,protects their rights and interests,by integrating favorable resources and providing services via fiscal and tax policies.The innovations of this article are as follows: First,in terms of research perspective,it gives a certain degree of foresight to poverty governance.Previous studies on poverty governance mostly used the observed poverty status,which is an afterthought.In the process of poverty governance,in addition to poverty reduction,the prediction of the possibility of poverty and the prevention will be more proactive.By sorting out the external causes of individual poverty vulnerabilities-risk exposure,and the internal causes-response capabilities to risks,together with targeted fiscal support,we can prevent poverty more effectively.Second,in terms of theory,we combine the framework of sustainable livelihoods with the theoretical analysis framework of vulnerability.This article uses the livelihood capital and livelihood strategy in the sustainable livelihood framework to correspond to the risk response capacity in the vulnerability analysis framework.The two theoretical frameworks are both based on Amartya Sen's ability poverty theory to form a multi-dimensional poverty analysis framework.Although they have different focuses,they have similarities.Third,in terms of research methods,we treat micro-individuals' responses to questions on household electricity supply,housing difficulties,and major incidents of a household in the CFPS questionnaire as dummy variables,so as to represent the heterogeneous risks.At the same time,the micro-individual's subjective evaluation of the severity of the eight dimensions such as environmental problems,the gap between the rich and the poor,employment,education,medical,housing,social security,and government corruption is treated as a sorting variable,as a measure of the synergy risk.Fourth,to improve the multi-dimensional fiscal support system for rural labor.According to the review of the existing literature,most of the research on the fiscal support policy for the rural labor force focuses on the problem of labor transfer employment or the urbanization of migrant workers.However,the rural labor force in today's society is diversified,and the labor force faces multiple demands under different paths.Fifth,to build a risk management system for rural groups.Fifth,to build a risk management system for rural groups.On the one hand,the detailed division of risks according to the three dimensions of synergy and heterogeneity,different fields,and livelihoods will help clarify the responsibilities of governments at all levels,the focus of risk management,and the goal of policy implementation.On the other hand,we suggest to establish a formal and informal risk management mechanism involving the government,individuals,and social groups,including the vulnerability risk files of farmers and rural labor,pre-risk early warning and prevention systems,and post-event risk intervention systems.