| Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up,China's national economy has made great progress.Meanwhile,the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen,and the imbalance of social and economic development in China becomes more and more prominent.Focusing on low-income groups and upholding fairness and justice not only bears on the long-term stability of the country,but also is an inevitable requirement for building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.At present,with the continuous reconstruction and expansion of urban space,the rapid development of modern transportation technology and information and communication technology,individual mobility is greatly enhanced,and individual daily activities and lifestyles show a trend of diversification.As a result,social space research in Chinese cities presents more complexity.Traditional social space studies mainly focus on residential space,however,individuals spend time not only in their residential neighborhoods,but also in other places,such as work,shopping,and recreational spaces.In other words,sociospatial differences may not only exist in the form of the spatial separation of people's residences but also manifest themselves in the different experiences and trajectories of social groups as people's daily lives unfold.The main contents and results of this study are as follows:(1)Analyze the characteristics of daily activities of low-income groups with the method of time geography.The characteristics of daily activities of low-income groups are summarized from three aspects of time,space and movement: on time distribution,on weekdays,both of low-income groups and the non-low-income groups spent most time on working activities.Low-income groups may intersperse other activities during working hours,thus showing the "fragmentation" characteristics of activity rhythm.On weekends,the working activity time of low-income and non-low-income groups decreased,but the time for entertainment,private affairs and other activities increased,and the activity rhythm was more chaotic than that on weekdays.In terms of spatial characteristics,urban space within 1km from home is the most frequently used activity space for both low-income and non-low-income groups.Compared with non-lowincome groups,the work activities of low-income groups are more concentrated in the inner city,inner-suburb city and the space near home.Urban centers and neighborhoods are the most important activity spaces for low-income groups to work,shop and relax.In terms of mobility,compared with non-low-income groups,low-income groups have shorter daily activity distance,less one-way travel time,lower travel cost,and lower travel frequency.Moreover,their daily travel is highly dependent on public transportation,which reflects their poor mobility.(2)This study analyzes the s sociospatial differentiation of low-income and nonlow-income groups from the aspects of activity-space characteristics and urban-space utilization.On the one hand,based on the analysis framework of "four dimensions and six indicators",the activity space characteristics of different income groups are analyzed.On the overall level,compared with non-low-income groups,low-income groups have smaller activity space,less time for outdoor activities,monotonous outdoor activity space and highly dependent on public transportation.However,differences in urban-space use between income groups vary in different communities.The characteristics of activity space of residents with different incomes in the traditional community and danwei community of the old city are slightly different,but different income groups in the affordable housing community have obvious differences in the four deminsions of activity space,indicating that different income groups in the affordable housing community have obvious heterogeneity in activity spaces.On the other hand,we examine whether there are differences in their daily activity space by calculating the use of different urban spaces by individuals.On the overall level,different income groups have no obvious difference in the use of inner city,but there are significant differences in their use of suburban space.At the community level,there is no obvious difference in urban space use among residents with different incomes in traditional inner-city communities and danwei communities.However,low-income affordable-housing residents are significantly more dependent on local space among the three types of communities.Meanwhile,low-income affordable-housing residents work far from home,which means low-income suburban individuals may be passively stuck in suburban spaces due to lack of public transportation.Logistic regression models are established to analyze the influence factors of residents' use of urban space,the results showed that the income is not affect all people's use of urban space.There is no significant differences in urban space utilization among residents with different incomes in the inner city,but income is an important factor affecting the urban space utilization of suburban residents.In addition,social and economic attributes and built environment are also important factors that affect residents' daily activity space and their urban space utilization.(3)The social exclusion of low-income groups is analyzed based on the quantitative research framework of individual facility accessibility.The quantitative assessment method of facility accessibility is constructed from the individual micro perspective,meanwhile,the facility accessibility of low-income groups is evaluated from the overall and community levels.The results show that,the overall access level of low-income groups to facilities and services is significantly lower than that of nonlow-income groups.Moreover,in the 15 types of public facilities investigated in this study,low-income groups have significantly lower access to public transport and commercial facilities than non-low-income participants.At the community level,different income groups have differences in the accessibility of public service facilities.The accessibility of facilities of respondents in danwei communities and traditional neighborhoods is significantly higher than that of residents in affordable housing communities.Meanwhile,low-income residents in affordable housing communities have the lowest accessibility in all fifteen categories of facilities.The regression model was built to analyze the factors affecting the overall accessibility of individual public service facilities.The results showed that income only affected the utilization opportunities of public service facilities of residents in affordable housing communities.Danwei communities and residents in traditional neighborhoods were relatively fair in the utilization of public service facilities.The study reveals the important role of residential location in exploiting urban opportunities and avoiding isolation,social exclusion and social isolation.The innovation points of this study are as follows: It verifies the activity-spacebased differentiation of income groups and expands the perspective of social space research.A quantitative research framework for the accessibility of individual facilities is constructed to analyze whether low-income groups suffer social exclusion from the sociospatial perspective.The empirical studies reveal the double heterogeneity of the low-income groups and the non-low-income group,providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of social quality of life of different individuals in urban low-income groups. |
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