Research On Spatial Differences And Coordinated Development Of China's Integration Into Global Value Chains

Since the 1990s,with the development of information and communication technology and the decline of the overall tariff level,the decomposability of production links and the tradability of intermediate products have been enhanced day by day.The production network dominated by the multinational companies of developed countries has been spread out around the world and set off a “global production chain revolution”.The rapid development of Global Value Chain(GVC)has greatly reduced the threshold of participation in the international division of labor,attracting more and more countries or regions to rush in to share the dividends of globalization.According to the “Global Value Chain and Development Report” released by UNCTAD in 2013,GVC-based trade volume has accounted for 80% of global trade,and the average GVC contribution to developing country GDP has staggeringly reached 30%.It can be said that GVC has completely penetrated into every corner in economic activities,and has become an important force to guide the future social and economic development.At the same time,China is currently in the midst of two “significant structural imbalances”,namely,the problems of world economic imbalances and regional economic imbalances,which have seriously restricted the sustainable development of China's macro economy.The causes of this double imbalance are complex and varied,and the emerging GVC just provides a new perspective and a new method to explain and resolve these structural contradictions.Therefore,based on the analytical framework of the GVC theory,this study will display a panoramic view of the spatial differences of China's integration into GVC from the global and regional aspects,and try to find a feasible way to change the mode of GVC integration and narrow the gap between countries and regions,seeking to make good use of GVC and achieve the dual goals of climbing the value chain and coordinating regional development.This thesis consists of eight chapters.The first chapter is an introduction,introducing the research background,research purposes and significance,research ideas and methods,as well as the possible innovations and shortcomings.The second chapter is a literature review,reviewing the road of GVC theorization and modeling from the theoretical research perspective,and the current status of China's GVC spatial differences and coordinated development from an applied research perspective.The third chapter is the theoretical mechanism,systematically sorted out the relevant theoretical basis,discussed the internal logical relationship and mechanism,and provided an important theoretical basis for the way GVC promoting the coordinative development of economy.Chapter four to seven are the main part of this thesis,which focuses on the topic of GVC spatial difference and coordinated development from the global level and regional level respectively.The fourth chapter employs the world input-output database from 2000 to 2014 to analyze the heterogeneous characteristics of China's integration of GVC from the perspective of trade and production respectively,describes the source and direction of GVC,and figures out the GVC gap between China and other countries.Chapter five continues to focus on the global level,mainly discussing the influencing factors of the climbing of value chain,and deeply examining the development potential of China's integration into GVC.Chapter six shifts the research perspective from the global level to the regional level.This chapter,basing on the expanded partial spillover model of Baldwin(2001),studies the correlation effect of intermediates,reveals the logical relationship between GVC and regional income gaps,investigates the temporal and spatial differences in the upstream and downstream correlation of each province while using the department staff location quotient as the weight to match the world input-output table,and verifies the effectiveness of the correlation effect and coordination mechanism of intermediates with Dubin model.Chapter seven further improves the coordination mechanism of GVC from the perspective of product quality,and provides a micro-foundation for understanding the role of GVC in coordinated economic development meanwhile.This chapter reveals the logical relationship between GVC and regional quality gaps,and illustrates the temporal and spatial differences in export quality of various regions with the 2000-2006 Chinese Customs Database,at the same time,verifies the different influences of the GVC's deepening effect and the broadening effect on the export quality of various regions by the fixed effect model,and settles the way to promote regional “high quality”coordinated development through GVC.Chapter eight summarizes the main research conclusions,and proposes corresponding policy suggestions.On the basis of theoretical analysis and empirical research,the main conclusions drawn in this thesis are as follows.Firstly,from the global perspective,the differences between China's value chain and the rest of the world are mainly reflected in the value-added structure,the upstream and downstream roles,and the number of cross-border transactions.From the perspective of trade,the foreign added value of final exports accounts for half in the vertical specialization of China's total exports,while the foreign added value of intermediate exports and pure double counting are the major sources of vertical specialization of the United States,Germany and Japan.From the perspective of production,the forward integration of China's manufacturing industry is generally lower than the backward integration,and the high and medium-high-technology manufacturing industry represented by chemicals,machinery and equipment,and automobiles is ranked at the end of all sample countries in terms of its forward integration,reflecting that China plays the role of downstream producer rather than upstream supplier.China's intermediate products seldom cross borders and mainly participate in GVC with shallow division of labor,while Germany and Japan mainly with deep division of labor.The value of deep division of labor in China's automobile manufacturing industry is far lower than that of Germany and Japan,even in textile and apparel and other advantageous industries.Secondly,technological innovation is the core factor to narrow the GVC status gap and promote the coordinated development of GVC.By comparing the coefficient size and significance level of the factors influencing GVC,it can be seen that technological innovation is the core driving force and common experience for countries in the world to climb the value chain,while the endowment of natural resources has a restraining effect on the transformation of the GVC integration mode,which suggests that China needs to get out of the “comparative advantage trap” of resource endowment to climb the value chain.In addition,the export efficiency of intermediate products between China and countries such as Japan,South Korea,Russia and the European Union is relatively low.It is necessary to give play to the unique geographical advantages,expand the scope of trading partners,and further release the potential of intermediate goods exports to narrow the GVC status gap.In short,promoting technological innovation and reform and broadening the scope of trading partners are the keys to climb the value chain for China.Thirdly,at the regional level,the correlation effect of intermediates and the spatial spillover effect are the coordination mechanisms to narrow the regional income gap and promote coordinative development of economy.The differences in GVC among provinces are mainly reflected in the degree of upstream and downstream correlation.In a horizontal comparison,the correlation index of intermediates product in coastal areas is generally higher than that in inland areas.In a vertical comparison,the downstream correlation index of each province gradually becomes shallower,while the upstream correlation index gradually deepens and broadens,and the upstream correlation helps to narrow the regional income gap.Due to the spatial effects,the GVC not only imposes a direct effect on the region,but also has an indirect effect on neighboring regions.Traditional models that did not consider spatial factors have overestimated the negative impact of downstream correlation effects on regional income gaps.The indirect effect of the downstream correlation index is relatively larger in inland areas,indicating that the characteristic of “value depressions” of inland areas makes the spatial spillover effect stronger and contributes more to the promotion of coordinated economic development.In addition,opening up to the outside world and transportation are beneficial to strengthen the upstream correlation effect.Finally,the product quality effect of GVC is another effective mechanism to narrow the regional quality gap and promote the coordinative development of economy.As an important guarantee for the implementation of coordination mechanism,product quality shows significant differences among the eastern,central,and western regions,presenting a “dumbbell-like” structure.The effects of GVC deepening effect and broadening effect on product quality are significantly different in different regions.The GVC deepening strikingly improves the quality of export products in the central and western regions through economies of scale,factor allocation,and technology spillover effects,while it is waning in the eastern regions,reflects that there is an “inverted Ushaped” relationship between GVC deepening influence on the product quality.Once it exceeds a certain threshold,it is easy to induce the capture of multinational companies.GVC has improved the export quality of the central and eastern regions through structural optimization effects and synergistic complementary effects.On the whole,the deepening effect and the broadening effect of GVC contribute most to improve the export quality of the central region,which is conducive to fill the concavity of dumbbells and realize the “high quality” coordinated development.The marginal contribution of this paper is mainly to enrich the existing research on the measurement of China's regional integration into GVC,to structurally match the world input-output database with the sectors of the “China Labor Statistics Yearbook”for the first time,and to conduct a large sample of regional integration into GVC in a long period of time,which provide new technology and new conclusions for analyzing the development trend of GVC in various provinces.Meanwhile this study improves the analysis perspective with coordinated development,combines the qualitative discussion with empirical testing,and proposes new idea and new drive for achieving the dual goals of value chain climbing and coordinative development of economy.