| Since the reform and opening up,China's economy has maintained rapid growth and become the second largest economy in the world.However,China's economic growth has not brought about the dynamic and balanced adjustment of economic structure,on the contrary,it has produced structural risks such as unreasonable industrial structure,widening income gap and destruction of resources and environment.An observable fact is that since the reform and opening up,China's economic growth and market-oriented reform are synchronized,China's economic structural imbalance and market-oriented asymmetry are accompanied.In order to solve the problem of inconsistency between the reform of commodity market and factor market,the CPC Central Committee and the State Council promulgated and implemented the "opinions on building a more perfect factor market allocation system and mechanism" in 2020,which integrated the five factors of capital,labor,land,technology and data into the scope of factor market reform.However,there are relatively few studies on the marketization of land factors,and more studies focus on the"land finance" system under the fiscal decentralization system.In addition to the fact that China's land is owned by the state and the government monopolizes the special attribute of the factor market of land supply,land is defined as a commodity rather than a factor,and the availability of data becomes the main limitation of the research.With the development of China's factor market reform and the availability of micro data of land transaction,more and more studies show that the "land finance" which lowers the price of industrial land to attract investment and increases the price of commercial and residential land to make up for the financial gap leads to the land factor price distortion.Whether there is price distortion in China's land factor market,the impact of it and how to correct it have become the primary problems to be solved in the reform of land factor marketization.Based on the data of land micro transaction from 2007 to 2018,this paper analyzes the price variance of commercial land,residential land and industrial land in 285 cities in China,and measures the degree of land price distortion in different regions.On the basis of statistical analysis and theoretical model,this paper evaluates the impact of ecological environment and resource mismatch caused by land factor price distortion,discusses the causes of land factor price distortion,and evaluates the role of existing correction mechanism from two aspects of market tools and administrative tools,so as to provide guidance for China's land resource management and land factor market construction.From the perspective of land factor marketization reform,this paper constructs a theoretical model of the impact of land factor price distortion on environmental pollution,and proposes a new method to solve the directional distance function of non radial relaxation variables,which is innovative in theory and method.This paper provides a complete framework for evaluating the environmental and economic losses caused by the land factors price distortion,promoting the market-oriented reform of land factors,and correcting the price distortion of land factors.This paper mainly includes seven parts.The first part is the introduction,which mainly introduces the background,significance and methods of the research.The second part is theoretical and literature review,discusses the reasons for the distortion of China's land factor market from the theoretical level.discusses the formation mechanism of China's land factor price by integrating the land rent theory and property right theory,Marx's land rent theory and fiscal decentralization theory.At the same time,summarizes the literature on the land factor price distortion,which lays a theoretical foundation for the full text.The third part is the measurement of land factor price distortion.,using the ratio of the average price of commercial land and residential land to the price of industrial land as the measurement index of land factor price distortion,and measures the level of land factor price distortion in 285 cities in China.The spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of land factor price distortion are analyzed by using statistical description,kernel density distribution.convergence analysis,dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and spatial correlation analysis.The fourth part is the measurement of environmental efficiency loss caused by the land factor price distortion.The production function including land factors and environmental pollution is constructed,and the relationship between land factors and environmental pollution is obtained through the derivation of the theoretical model.Based on the theoretical model,an econometric model is set up,with carbon emissions and comprehensive environmental pollution as the explained variables.The direct impact,mechanism and spatial effect of land factor price distortion on environmental pollution are analyzed by using generalized method of moments(GMM),moderating effect model and spatial econometric model.The fifth part is the resource mismatch effect of land factor price distortion.In this part,a new non-radial slacks-based measurement directional distance function(NSBMDDF)is proposed.This directional distance function is combined with the Mate-frontier Malmquist Luenberger(MML)index to measure the total factor productivity(TFP)including unexpected output to measure the high-quality growth level of China's economy,so as to explain the "mystery of China's economic growth" behind the land factor price.Based on TFP,the output gap of China's high-quality economic growth is calculated,and the potential economic efficiency loss caused by land factor price distortion is analyzed.The sixth part is the driving factors and correction of land factor price distortion.Based on the data-oriented GSREG method,this part selects the model,combines the relative importance analysis to determine the core driving factors of land factor price distortion,and further analyzes the regional differences and driving factors of land factor price distortion by using the re centralization influence function(RIF)and Oaxaca Blinder decomposition.Based on the analysis of driving factors,this part puts forward the correction mechanism of land factor price distortion based on administrative tools and market-oriented tools,and uses the difference-in-difference model(DID)to study the impact of audit outgoing officials' natural resource asset management on land factor price distortion.Based on the development of the market-oriented reform of land factors,this paper puts forward a framework system of cross regional transaction of land resources.The seventh part is the conclusionBased on the above,the main conclusions are as follows(1)The price of land factor is distorted.Based on the statistical description,it is found that there is a widespread phenomenon of land factor price distortion in various regions of China.In most regions,the degree of distortion is concentrated in the range of 5-10,and in some regions,the degree of distortion is more than 20.which means that the price of commercial and residential land is more than 20 times of that of industrial land,and the land factor price distortion is serious.Based on the kernel density analysis,the land factor price distortion in China gradually shifts from the left kurtosis concentration to the right,the curve width gradually becomes larger and tends to normal distribution;the change trend of eastern region and large and medium-sized cities is more obvious,and the right tailing phenomenon of central and western regions and non large and medium-sized cities is more obvious,which indicates that the degree of land factor price distortion in some regions is larger.Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition and convergence analysis show that the gap between the degree of land factor price distortion in different regions of China gradually narrowed,and began to develop to the steady path of "relative fairness",while the degree of land factor price distortion began to develop to the direction of high distortion,and the degree of distortion continued to expand.Spatial correlation analysis shows that the land factor price distortion presents obvious spatial correlation,and the regions with higher degree of distortion of land factor present the characteristics of agglomeration distribution.(2)The land factor price distortion increases the emission of pollution.Theoretical and empirical tests show that the land factor price distortion leads to the increase of regional carbon emissions and comprehensive environmental pollution.The land factor price distortion affects regional carbon emissions and comprehensive environmental pollution by influencing the level of environmental regulation,the degree of resource dependence,the behavior of attracting investment competition and industrial structure.At the same time,the analysis based on the spatial model shows that the land factor price distortion not only has a negative impact on the local environmental pollution,but also has a spillover effect on the environmental pollution of the adjacent areas,leading to the increase of the level of environmental pollution in the adjacent areas.(3)The land factor price distortion leads to the mismatch of factor resources.Although the land factor price distortion brings short-term economic growth,it expands the gap of economic output and is not conducive to the long-term development of economy.The research shows that the land factor price distortion promotes the growth of TFP,but there are also losses of the potential for the improvement of TFP caused by the expansion of the gap between the actual TFP and the potential TFP.The main reason for this loss is the mismatch of labor factors,capital factors,land factors and technical resources caused by the price distortion of land fastors.Therefore,the behavior of distorting land price to achieve economic growth has a negative impact on the long-term economic development,although it promotes the growth of TFP in the short term.(4)Government factors and market factors are the main reasons for the land factor price distortion.Government governance capacity plays the most important role in the land factor price distortion,followed by market factors,such as labor force,financial development,residents' consumption and real estate investment.Therefore,in view of the local land factor distortion governance,we need to start from both the government and the market.At the same time,the heterogeneity analysis shows that the pursuit of economic growth goals and the change of market demand brought by real estate investment are the main reasons for the expansion of the distortion degree of land factor prices between different costs.(5)The audit outgoing officials' natural resource asset management and the land resources cross regional transaction system have obvious effect on solving the land factor price distortion.First of all,the policy research based on the DID model shows that the land factors price distortion in the pilot areas of audit outgoing officials' natural resource asset management is significantly reduced,and the natural resources departure audit system affects the land price distortion through government governance capacity,local investment competition and environmental governance.This means that the establishment of a sound vertical supervision and management system has a significant effect on correcting the land factor price distortion,Secondly,based on the analysis of land cross regional transaction and quota increase and decrease,it shows that land cross regional transaction can theoretically distort the price of environmental land factor and improve regional productivity... |
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