| Energy is a resource necessary for human survival and development,and is related to the sustainable development of the economy and environment as well as social stability.However,energy consumption also brings a series of problems such as environmental pollution,etc.,and therefore has received widespread attention worldwide.As the world’s largest energy consumer,balancing economic development,energy consumption and environmental protection is critical for China.Energy conservation policy is a fundamental measure to protect the environment,while improving energy efficiency is a way to manage and restrain the growth of energy consumption,and is a key and scientific way to address energy and environmental challenges.This paper takes the more comprehensive and inclusive total factor energy efficiency as the main research object,and firstly analyzes its change patterns and influencing factors from static to dynamic and from time to space with multiple perspectives.On this basis,this paper focuses on exploring the level and mechanism of interaction between total factor energy efficiency and key socioeconomic system elements.This paper constructs a framework for the interaction relationship between energy efficiency and industrial structure reflecting the level of socio-economic development and explores the coupling and coordination level between them.Then,this paper further expands the research scope to subsystems,and constructs a framework that includes social,economic,and natural environmental elements and reflects the connections among elements.From energy-water system to energy-waterfood system,the level of coupling and coordination among total factor energy,water,food efficiency is explored in detail.This paper provides a new perspective for exploring the relationship between energy and other elements and systems,and provides a theoretical basis and decision support for achieving energy efficiency improvement,industrial restructuring and synergistic management of energy and other elements,which is important for the sustainable development of the whole socioeconomic system.This paper consists of the following four main parts:1.In order to explore total factor energy efficiency from multiple perspectives,this paper firstly uses the super-efficient SBM(slack-based measure)model including undesirable outputs and GML(Global Malmquist-Luenberger)index to measure the city-level static-dynamic total factor energy efficiency in Northeast China,respectively,and analyzes its influencing factors.The global-local Moran index is also used to explore the spatial correlation of total factor energy efficiency.The results show that there are large differences in total factor energy efficiency among cities in the study area,with 10 cities,including Shenyang,Harbin and Dalian,always having total factor energy efficiency no less than 1.28% of the cities show an overall "U" shaped trend of decreasing total factor energy efficiency followed by increasing total factor energy efficiency,8% of the cities show an undesirable inverted "U" shaped trend,while the remaining cities show an overall increasing total factor energy efficiency trend.From the perspective of influencing factors,technological advancement changes play a major role in the growth of urban total factor energy efficiency,and it is also the main driver of total factor energy efficiency enhancement in the study area.From the perspective of spatial correlation,the total factor energy efficiency in the study area has changed from a weak negative spatial correlation in the 11 th Five-Year Plan period to a positive spatial correlation in the 12 th Five-Year Plan period,and the initial positive interaction between cities with high total factor energy efficiency and cities with low total factor energy efficiency has been initiated.2.To explore the interaction between total factor energy efficiency and industrial structure,this paper first adopts the SBM model to measure the TFEE of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration,and then uses the redefined Theil index,industrial structure advancement index and Lorentz curve statistics to quantify the industrial reasonability,industrial advancement and industrial concentration,respectively.Finally,the coupling coordination level of total factor energy efficiency and industrial structure is measured by using the coupling coordination degree model.The results show that there are large differences in total factor energy efficiency among cities,and the overall distribution shows a characteristic of "less on both sides and more in the middle".Shanghai,Suzhou,Hangzhou,Changzhou,etc.are the most efficient cities,which have advantages in terms of economic development and geographical location,but cities with only these advantages do not necessarily perform well in terms of total factor energy efficiency,such as Nanjing and Ningbo.On the whole,the study areas’ industrial reasonability and industrial advancement is at a high level,while the industrial concentration is at a medium-low level.The coupling coordination level of total factor energy efficiency and industrial structure of each city is at or above the high coordination running-in level.About 40% of the cities(Shanghai,Changzhou,Suzhou,Wuxi,Hangzhou,etc.)are at the highest level,Nanjing and some cities in Anhui Province are at the backward level.3.In order to investigate the extent to which total factor energy efficiency and total factor water efficiency are coordinated,this paper first constructs an integrated energywater framework with clear boundaries,rich elements,and enhanced system linkages.On this basis,the total factor energy efficiency and total factor water efficiency of 30provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)in China are measured using the super-efficiency SBM model including undesirable outputs,and the levels and changing trends of total factor efficiency in each region are explored,and then the interaction levels of total factor energy efficiency and total factor water efficiency and their changes in each region during the study period are investigated and judged using the coupling coordination degree model.The results show that both total factor energy efficiency and total factor water efficiency in the study area show significant regional variability,and both mean values are at a low level,always between 0.57-0.64,but there are also differences between the two,such as total factor energy efficiency has stronger regional variability than total factor water efficiency,and total factor water efficiency rankings rise in more regions than total factor energy efficiency,etc.The overall coupling degree of total factor energy efficiency and total factor water efficiency is at a high level(both greater than 0.9),while there are obvious regional differences in their coordination degrees,and this difference tends to increase year by year.Considering the degree of coupling and coordination comprehensively,we find that the comprehensive coupling coordination levels of all regions are at the medium coordination coupling level and above.Among them,only 23.33% of the regions are at the extrem coordination coupling level during the study period,and most of them are economically developed regions.4.This paper further enriches the integrated energy-water framework and supplements the food subsystem into the framework,constructing an energy-waterfood framework that includes more elements.On this basis,combined with the superefficiency SBM model and the coupling coordination degree model,the coupling coordination level of total factor energy-water efficiency,total factor energy-food efficiency,total factor water-food efficiency,and total factor energy-water-food efficiency in 30 Chinese provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions)is analyzed.The results show that the provincial total factor energy efficiency,total factor water efficiency and total factor food efficiency have many similar characteristics: all have significant regional differences and serious polarization;the mean values are all below0.70;and all show the spatial distribution characteristics that the eastern coastal areas are higher than the inland areas.They also differ in terms of the degree of polarization and the percentage of high-efficiency regions,with total factor energy efficiency having the best overall situation in comparison.From the coupling coordination level of total factor energy-water efficiency,total factor energy-food efficiency and total factor water-food efficiency: On the whole,the order of comprehensive coupling coordination level of total factor efficiency is energy-water > water-food> energy-food.The comprehensive coupling coordination level of total factor energy-water-food efficiency are all at the middle coordination coupling level and above,and its spatial distribution roughly shows the characteristics that the eastern coastal region is higher than the inland region,and the central region is higher than the northern,northeastern and southwestern regions. |
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