| Grassland is the second largest green cover on the earth,accounting for about 24% of the global land area.As an important part of Chinese ecosystem,grassland plays an important role in maintaining national ecological security,keeping ecological function of serving,and supporting economic development.Since the end of the 1970 s,in order to achieve the goal of protecting ecology of grassland,the central and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region government have formulated and implemented a series of ecological and environmental projects including returning grazing land to grassland,distributing grassland ecological subsidies and incentives,and the control of wind and sand sources in Beijing,Tianjin and Hebei.With the implementation and improvement of policies,and guided by the concept of ecological civilization that humans,grasses,and livestock are in a community of life,grassland ecological functions have been enhanced,vegetation coverage has increased in some areas,and the pressure on pastures for grazing has been eased to some extent.However,from the current situation,due to the large deviation between the compensation amount and the potential actual ecological value of the grassland,the single compensation method,and the weak supervision and management mechanism,the grassland ecology has not met the policy requirements.Among 90% of the natural grassland,moderately-graded and severely-graded grassland account for more than1/3.Therefore,the overall deterioration of the ecological environment has not been fundamentally curbed.It is urgent to adopt more stringent ecological protection measures and shape a new ecological security pattern to coordinate the contradictions and conflicts in the process between ecological protection and economic development.Comping up with this policy is not an end,but keeping the red line is the key.The non-replicability and irreversibility of serving functions in the red-line parts of ecosystem determine the necessity of ecological compensation.In recent years,a lot of researches on grassland ecological compensation policies.However,due to the wide range and complex types of red lines of ecological protection,the current grassland ecological compensation mechanism within the ecological protection red lines is not mature enough,specifically speaking,lacking the perspective from herders,the cognition of the value in serving functions of ecosystem within the red-line area,and researches on preference to be compensated.Besides,during the process of implementing the red-line policy of ecology protection,the capability of herders would raise the problems of their preferences to compensation in red-line area play the key role in deciding if the policy works effectively.Therefore,researches on the reconstructing ecological compensating mechanism in red-line ecological preservation grassland area will help propose reasonable measures if taking aspects mentioned above into consideration.Based on the background above,this article takes the three banner counties with the relatively largest ecological protection red line delineated by the Xilin Gol League as an example,and calculates the compensation standard from the perspective of “the value of ecosystem services and the willingness of herders to be compensated within the ecological protection red.” The determination of compensation methods from the perspective of herders’ preference and the coordination of interests from the perspective of “main stakeholders” are the starting point to reconstruct the grassland ecological compensation mechanism,and to calculate the value of the grassland-led ecological service function within the “red line of ecological protection(what to supplement)-determine compensation Standard(how much to make up)-compensation method(how to make up)-define the rights and obligations of stakeholders(how to supervise)” research ideas,based on the data of discussions with government departments and household surveys,the research is carried out to determine the compensation standard within the red line After the ecological protection red line is proposed,it can not only meet the herders’ expectation of compensation,but also consider the value of ecological function service within the red line;after the ecological protection red-line area.After the ecological protection red line is delineated,according to the different abilities of the herders,the herder’s preference for compensation methods is studied to meet the needs of the herders.Based on the above research results,four aspects are analyzed,including measuring the compensating standard for red-line ecological preservation area,revealing the preference of herders to compensating methods and specifies the main stakeholders’ right,responsibility and benefit and reconstructing compensation mechanism of grassland ecology according to the red line.Suggestions for the reconstruction of the compensation mechanism within the ecological protection red line area are proposed.The main contents and conclusions of this study are as follows:Firstly,regarding the calculation of the compensation standard within the red line,based on the current delineation of the ecological protection red line area and taking the three banner with the largest proportion of the red-line area an example,amount of substance and magnitude of value related to the serving function of red-line area are calculated by using measuring model of serving function of grassland ecology,mainly focusing on water conservation,wind prevention and sand fixation,etc.The research results show that for Zhenglan Banner,the spatial distribution of water source capacity gradually increases from west to east and from north to south.Saiyin Hudukasumu and Sanggendalai towns in the east and Shangdu towns in the south conserve water conservation.The total value of the entire banner area reduced by grassland degradation due to grassland wind and sand fixation is 136.6 million yuan.For Sunitezuo Banner,different grassland types reduce wind erosion soil losses differently.However,in recent years,Sunitezuo Banner has reduced wind erosion soil losses regardless of the total amount or different grassland types.From the perspective of Mu(town),there has been little change in recent years.The ecological function value of each Sumu town is relatively balanced,and the highest is Bayanwula Town.In 2018,the total amount of grassland reduced by wind erosion soil loss reached 142 million tons,and the total ecological function value was 2.837 billion yuan.For Dongwuzhumuqin Banner,the amount of grassland reduced by wind erosion and soil loss has not changed much in recent years,regardless of the total amount or different grassland types and different hematoxylin(towns).The entire banner’s wind-proof and sand-fixing ability has shown that it has changed from the south.The trend is gradually increasing toward the north.The highest value of reducing grassland degradation in Sumu towns is Sama Sumu,and the lowest is Baogeda Mountain Forest Farm.In 2018,the flag’s wind-proof and sand-fixing capacity was 12.15 billion tons,and the value of the wind-proof and sand-fixing function was 589 million yuan.In addition to considering the red line of ecological protection for windbreak and sand fixation and the value of ecological protection for water conservation,91.1% of herders are willing to be compensated through an orderly and multi-classification method.Family size,average annual income,their own grassland area,and the cognition of herders’ of importance to the red line of ecological protection pose an effective influence in compensation.Through the payment card method and model method in the conditional value assessment,it is concluded that the herdsmen’s willingness to be compensated is 20yuan/mu.The ecological compensation within the red line is revised according to the dominant ecological function and the area of the ecological protection red line.Among the counties,Zhenglan Banner’s compensation funds are 214 million yuan,Sunite Zuoqi’s compensation funds are 850 million yuan,and Dongwuzhumuqin Banner’s compensation funds are 1.19 billion yuan.Secondly,In terms of herders’ preference to compensation methods within the red line,based on the current single compensation method,herders’ preference to compensation methods have a strong relationship with their capabilities.This chapter uses a structural equation model to analyze the mechanism of their influence.The research results show that human capital has a significant impact on the pastoral compensation methods(capital compensation,social compensation,and in-kind compensation)of herdsmen.Among them,human capital standardizes the methods of fund compensation,social compensation,and in-kind compensation.The path coefficients are:-0.067,-0.618,0.893,which shows that human capital has little influence on the method of financial compensation,and is negatively correlated with the choice of social compensation method,and positively correlated with the method of compensation in kind.Higher levels of human capital make herders more Pay attention to grassland quality construction,and prefer compensation in kind in terms of compensation methods.The standardized path coefficient of material capital to herders’ grassland fund compensation method is 0.802,which indicates that the herders with more material capital tend to accumulate more by means of financial compensation.Social capital has a significant impact on herders’ fund compensation methods and social compensation methods.Its standardized path coefficient for capital compensation methods is-0.767,and the standardized path coefficient for social compensation methods is 0.708,which means that the existing for herders who are satisfied with socialized services and compensation for grassland ecological protection,herdsmen will not favor financial compensation.A single financial compensation can only maintain the minimum living expenses and prefer social compensation.Thirdly,The implementation of the ecological protection red line requires effective supervision and certain restraint mechanisms to achieve policy effects.On this basis,this article defines the “rights,responsibilities and benefits” of the main stakeholders,using the evolutionary game theory method.There is both from a micro level and a macro level.It discusses the initial game between herdsmen and the local government from the micro level,and discusses the tripartite game after joining the central government from the macro level.After the ecological protection red line is delineated,a strict management system and industry access mechanism will also be established.The research results show that:Compared with the game between the two parties,the three-party game interferes more with each other’s behavior.If one of the herders and the local government fails to fulfill its obligations,the central government will punish both parties.Constraints can more stimulate the enthusiasm of both parties to protect the ecology.The compensation provided by the local government to herders is limited.After the central government participates,the compensation standards are clarified,the compensation targets are specified,and the government’s vertical financial support for intergenerational compensation can be provided to a certain extent.This has eased the financial pressure of local governments and promoted cooperation between the two parties.Fourth,by analyzing the compensation amount that meets the expectations of herders and taking into account the dominant ecological value of the basic grassland within the red line,firstly,the compensation standard within the red line is calculated;secondly,the preference of compensation methods is studied for the definition of the herders’ ability Thirdly,it analyzes the supervision and restraint mechanism after the implementation of the ecological protection red line from the aspect of identifying the main stakeholders.Based on this,mainly from enriching the ecological compensation subjects within the red line,adjusting and broadening the methods of compensation and funding sources,increasing the income of herdsmen as the link,strengthening policy propaganda,improving the legal system,and establishing three aspects of supervision and performance appraisal systems.It is proposed that the reconstruction of the grassland ecological compensation mechanism within the red line provides a realistic basis.In the future,with the continuous advancement of the ecological protection red line policy,it is of great significance to enhance the incentive effect of the policy. |
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