A Study On The Design Characteristics And Changes Of The Academy Landscape In Southern Jiangsu

The five cities of Nanjing,Zhenjiang,Changzhou,Wuxi and Suzhou have long been part of the "Jiangnan" region in history.The similarity of geographical environment,the consistency of administrative division,and the integration of economy and culture have created the relatively unified regional characteristics of this region,which has become the widely recognized "Southern Jiangsu Region".As an important place for scholars to read,write and collect books,and other academic activities,the academy is an important place for local cultural elites,and its landscape to a large extent reflects the development of local history and culture.After nearly 900 years of development,the landscape of academies in southern Jiangsu has become an important material carrier of local culture.However,under the influence of war and construction activities,there are few entities left.Therefore,there is an urgent need to systematically sort out and study the landscape of academies in southern Jiangsu.The research focuses on the design characteristics and changes of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu,summarizes its characteristics through the historical changes of the academy landscape,and further excavates the internal design ideas of the academy landscape.From the historical data collection and field survey,239 new and reconstructed academies were sorted out in successive generations in southern Jiangsu,as well as 26 existing academy sites,covering site selection,founders/reconstructors,building types,landscapes,plants,etc..And field mapping and landscape restoration were carried out.On this basis,the research uses history,landscape morphology,structuralism theory,anthropology and other related methods and theories to analyze the location distribution,spatial layout and landscape elements of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu,and summarizes the design characteristics of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu.The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:(1)The landscape of the academy in southern Jiangsu is clear,and the development process is from low to high,from complete shape to rich diversity.Through the methods of literature review,mutual proof of picture and text,case analysis and so on,the landscape of academies in southern Jiangsu is classified and staged.According to the differences of the main functions of the academy,the landscape of the academy is divided into three types:lecture type,Tibetan type and sacrificial type.Through the overall grasp of the landscape form of the academy in southern Jiangsu in different periods,the development process is divided into three periods: the Song and Yuan dynasties are the forming stage characterized by simplicity and completeness;the Ming Dynasty is the differentiation stage characterized by delicacy and enrichment;the Qing Dynasty is the improvement stage characterized by rich diversity.(2)The location and layout of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu closely fit the function of the academy.With the continuous enrichment and improvement of historical development,seven kinds of site selection and seven basic layouts have been gradually formed,with the characteristics of changes from simple to complex.The study proposes to judge the location type according to the specific environment around the site,and points out that the site selection of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu pays attention to the environmental conditions of nature,humanities and architecture.There are seven types of site selection: scattered landscape type,scattered water landscape type,scattered landscape type,inhabited landscape type,concentrated landscape type,living environment type,and seven types of site selection.At the same time,the overall distribution shows a historical change process from outside the city to the city,and then to the outside of the city.With the enrichment of site selection types,the base site shape has more changes,and the overall layout composition mechanism is diversified,gradually derived from the initial series,tight encirclement,series juxtaposition,gradually derived turning,positive change,staggered,single courtyard and other composition mechanisms.The specific courtyard layout has gradually developed a courtyard space with diverse functions,specialized forms and diversified forms and mechanisms from the early practical,functional mixed,multi-symmetrical and intersecting layout of the courtyard.(3)The setting of landscape elements in the landscape,such as architecture,landscape,plant,landscape and so on,is based on the premise of meeting the main functions of scholarship and sacrifice,and shows the changing characteristics from simple and practical to pluralistic perfection in the process of development.Through the study of the landscape of the academy in different periods,it is found that architecture,as the main element to realize the function of the academy,occupies a dominant position in the landscape of the academy,and its style will be replaced in different periods,and the overall type will gradually increase;the landscape has always been dominated by the existing landscape,supplemented by manual work in the later period,and the artificial landscape has been gradually improved in terms of quantity and construction level.Landscape plants generally have the characteristics of practical and rich meaning,the ornamental is increasing,and the varieties are gradually pursuing novelty;Jingyi plays a role in pointing out the function and theme in different landscape scenes,and gradually enriches and systematizes the content and style with the development of the academy landscape.(4)The development of the academy landscape in southern Jiangsu shows two paths and two development trends.Driven by historical,cultural,political,economic and other factors,the landscape of the academy in southern Jiangsu is constantly evolving.In this process,the objective factors in the original environment and the influence of Confucian culture in the academy promote the landscape of the academy to develop slowly along the path of traditional changes in most of the historical periods.Near the end,due to the infiltration of foreign culture,experienced a period of "sudden" development,there was a certain degree of westernization.At the same time,the landscape development of the academy is influenced by official policies and literati culture,and the official and garden characteristics in the landscape are constantly strengthened,showing a top-down trend of "officialization" and a bottom-up trend of "gardening".(5)Compared with other types of cultural landscapes,the landscape of academies in southern Jiangsu has the characteristics of attaching importance to learning over enjoyment,changeable location and layout,integration of heterogeneous cultures,and contains the design concept of "close friends","benevolent people" and "benefit oneself".The formation of the landscape characteristics is deeply influenced by the purpose of construction and specific people.Due to the differences in the specific construction purposes between the academy,the garden and the school palace,there are many differences in the landscape.At the same time,because the scholars were influenced by Buddhism in the exploration of Confucianism,they also reflected some Buddhist landscape characteristics in the landscape of the academy.Putting aside the similar "view of nature" and "view of creation" in the same region,and from the perspective of "interpersonal view",which can better embody the thought of scholar-made objects,we can find that under the influence of the Confucian thought of "benevolent man",the academy landscape led by Confucian scholars can fully consider the relationship between people in the academy landscape construction,as well as the related benefits obtained by different people from the academy landscape construction.In the construction of the landscape of the academy,we should realize "helping students","saving materials and loving the people" and "benefiting others and self-interest".