| Since the birth of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in 1982,forest parks in China have gone through nearly 40 years of development.In the past 40 years,China’s economy and society have undergone tremendous changes and transformation.Forest parks in China have experienced a national development process from "economic construction as the center" to "sustainable development" to "green development".The value and function of forest parks in China have changed with the adjustment of national forestry development strategy from "mainly wood production" to "mainly ecological construction".Forest parks in China have formed a clear but relatively tortuous development context,and present a certain internal law and logic.From a diachronic perspective,exploring these internal laws and logic in the development of China’s forest parks is of positive significance for guiding the development of forest parks now and in the future.There are a lot of researches on China’s forest parks,and the research content shows the characteristics of more applied research than basic theoretical research and more horizontal research than longitudinal analysis.The research on forest parks in China lacks an in-depth analysis of the evolution of forest parks with the axis of time and the background of the changes of the times.It is necessary to analyze the logic and influencing factors of the evolution of forest parks from the perspective of social-ecological transition and other social ecology in the current important period of China’s national strategic transformation,enrich the basic theoretical research of forest parks,and clarify the current positioning and future development of forest park.With the help of literature analysis method,historical research method,field investigation method and comprehensive analysis method,this paper analyzes the evolution of China’s forest parks in the macro context of China’s social and economic development after the reform and opening up,and defines the research framework in the multiple paths of the strategic transformation of the country and the forestry industry and the value transformation of forest parks.This paper analyzes the landmark events or policies that promote the value shift of China’s forest parks,and clarifies the evolutionary process of the forest parks.Based on the theory of socialecological transformation,this paper analyzes the construction and management model,nature and function positioning,management orientation and product characteristics of each stage of forest parks from economic transformation,cultural transformation,ecological transformation and ideological transformation,and then summarizes the logic of the evolution of China’s forest parks.This paper uses the evolutionary game model to analyze the influencing factors of forest park evolution,and put forward suggestions for the development of forest parks on the basis of the above.The main research process and research conclusions are as follows:(1)Based on the in-depth analysis of 1685 basic data including management documents,policies and regulations,news reports,journal documents,professional books,conference speeches,and typical cases from 1949 to 2019,this paper analyzes the major events or policies that affect the development of forest parks,and clarifies that forest parks in China have gone through four stages:"diversification project of forestry(1982-1991_","tertiary industry of forestry(1992-1997)","multi-dimensional development of green industry of forestry(2008-2010)",and "protected areas and social public utilities(2011-present)".(2)Based on the theory of social-ecological transformation,combined with the quantitative indicators of the development of forest parks in China in the past 40 years,this paper analyzes the investment model,management orientation,function positioning,and product characteristics of forest parks at different stages,and clarifies the evolution characteristics and evolution path of forest parks in China.Ecological benefits,economic benefits and social benefits have primary and secondary differences in different development periods and show dynamic changes.This is an important feature of the evolution of the forest park.The evolutionary path of forest parks in China can be summarized as follows:from "tourist destination" to "protected areas",from "economic industry" to "social public utilities",from "chasing economic benefits" to "chasing ecological benefits" to "chasing social benefits" and from"closed" to "open" to "integrated".(3)Based on evolutionary game theory,this paper constructs an evolutionary game model with national authorities,local governments,and forest parks as participants,and analyzes their decision-making mechanisms and influencing factors in the evolution of forest parks from the perspective of dynamic evolution.The evolution of forest parks is affected by the following factors:public sensitivity;department credibility;government image effectiveness;supervision intensity;implementation costs;incentives intensity;punishments intensity;financial support intensity;political performance risks and other factors.The initial probability of the participant’s strategic choice has a greater impact on the evolution of the forest park.Punishment and performance risks have a continuous and stable impact on the evolution of forest parks.The cost of government implementation that is controlled within a reasonable range is an important factor in promoting the evolution of forest parks.The needs of the public have a positive impact on the government’s strategic choices and the evolution of forest parks.On the basis of the above analysis,the following suggestions are put forward for the development of forest parks:(1)Establish a "government-led" fund guarantee system.(2)Coordinating the "two-in-one" grassroots management system.(3)Stimulate the endogenous power of forest park management transformation.(4)Improve relevant laws and regulations and supervision and assessment mechanisms.(5)Integrate into the construction of the national nature reserve system.(6)Eliminate the uneven development of forest parks. |
