| Climatic factors difference is the key factor for the difference in the production,transformation and accumulation of effective components in plants,and it is also a research hotspot to explore the fruit quality of plants in different climatic regions.Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.belongs to a plant of the genus Zanthoxylum L.of Rutaceae,and its mature fruit has a unique aroma and numb taste.Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.is widely distributed,and its peel quality in different regions is significantly different.Climate factors have greater effects on the fruit quality.However,the investigations on the spatial differences of climatic factors,regional differences of phenotypic traits effective components in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions were relatively weak.In the present research,wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.in different regions was taken as the research subject.The wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.samples in different regions were obtained from literature review and field investigation,and the geographical distribution pattern of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.was analyzed to determine the research area of this study.Based on the climatic factors of sampling points in different regions,the spatial differences of climatic factors in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.distribution areas were described from a macro perspective.Regional differences of phenotypic traits of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.in different regions were investigated.HS-SPME-GC-OMS and UPLC-MS/MS techniques were applied to determine the effective components contents of active ingredients in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions,and the regional differences of effective components were revealed by multivariate stoichiometric analysis.Based on the multi-scale climatic factors in different time,the climatic factors effects on the effective components were discussed from a macro perspective,and the response characteristics of the effective components to climatic factors were obtained.The maximum entropy model(Max Ent)and Arc GIS technology were performed to reveal the key climatic factors affecting the suitable distribution of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,predict the potential suitable distribution area of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.under future climate change scenarios,and analyze the effects of climate change on the suitable distribution area and migration path.This study revealed the regional differences of phenotypic traits and active components content in wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions and the influence of climatic factors on the quality and suitable distribution area of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,which provided scientific basis for the improvement of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.quality and scientific and reasonable suggestions for the protection and utilization of wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.germplasm resources.The main conclusions were as follows:1.Annual mean temperature,annual precipitation and annual sunshine hours in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.distribution area showed obvious regional differences.Annual mean temperature was characterized by low in west and high in east,annual precipitation increased gradually from northwest to southeast,and annual sunshine duration decreased gradually from northwest to southeast.The results demonstrated that annual mean temperature was 8.4°C to 15.7°C,annual precipitation was 225 to 1,050 mm,and the annual sunshine duration was 1,400 to 3,000 h.Qinba mountain area and hilly and gully regions of Loess Plateau were the typical distribution area of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,with a continuous distribution in the region,which was the most important distribution population of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.in China.2.There were significant regional differences in 18 phenotypic traits of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,and the variation coefficients were 3.63% to 27.61%.Among them,the variation coefficient of fruit shape index was small(3.63%),and the variation coefficients of prickle,leaflet length and leaflet width were large,all of which was above 25%.The Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.from 26 different regions were divided into 4 categories by hierarchical cluster analysis.The first category was located in the high altitude and high latitude area in the west of the distribution area,with fewer leaflets,smaller fruit(3.90 × 4.46mm),fewer grains per.ear(28),and bright purple-red peel color.The second category was distributed in Qinba Mountain area.Its leaflet length(38.69 mm),leaflet width(23.46 mm),apex leaf length(56.89 mm),and apex leaf width(33.53 mm)were bigger than other areas.The prickles were larger(11.11×9.85×3.08 mm),the number of prickles per unit length of 10 cm was more(≥ 9),and the peel color was bright red.The third type was located in the middle of the distribution area,and was concentrated in the junction of Henan,Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces,with larger fruit diameter(4.30×4.95 mm)and more grains per.ear(≥ 38).The fourth category was located in the eastern and northern parts of the distribution area(Shexian,Jiaocheng,Hengshan,Shanting,Laiwu).The leaflet number was the largest(≥ 9),and the leaflet length(21.29 mm),leaflet width(13.05 mm),apex leaf length(39.70 mm)and apex leaf width(17.73 mm)were small.The apex leaf was long oval,and the peel color was dark yellow.The phenotypic traits of leaves,fruits and prickles of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.from different regions were quite different.The phenotypic traits of leaves,fruits and prickles were significantly correlated with altitude,longitude,annual mean temperature,annual precipitation and annual sunshine duration(P<0.05).The phenotypic traits of wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.showed obvious regional variation from west to east with altitude and longitude.3.The volatile oil contents in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different producing areas were 1.51 to 6.96 m L/100 g.The volatile oil contents in the peels from Hanyuan County was the highest,which was 6.96 m L/100 g,followed by Wudu District(6.60 m L/100 g),Fengxian County(6.56 m L/100 g),Maiji District(5.95 m L/100 g),Wenxian County(5.78 m L/100 g)and Maoxian County(5.58 m L/100 g).The volatile component contents in the peels from western high altitude area(altitude>1,000 m)were higher than that in the middle and east low altitude area.Terpenoids(116 species)and alcohols(42 species)were the main volatile components,accounting for 44.74% to 89.65% of the total content.The highest relative content for single compounds were limonene(24.99%),β-myrcene(7.06%),(E)-β-ocimene(4.30%)and linalool(4.02%).The contents of limonene(25.93%),linalool(6.54%),geranyl acetate(1.84%)and nerol acetate(0.87%)in the Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from high altitude areas(altitude>1,000 m)in the northwest and southwest highaltitude areas were higher,showing citrus aroma,fruit aroma and flower aroma.The key aroma substances such as β-myrcene(7.90%),(E)-β-ocimene(6.13%)and δ-cadinene(1.86%)in the pels from the central and eastern low altitude areas were slightly higher,showing medicinal and woody flavor.4.Amides contents in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions were 57.38 to 137.11 mg/g.A total of 13 amides were determined in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels.The main amides were hydroxy-α-sanshool,hydroxy-β-sanshool and hydroxy-γ-sanshool,which accounted for 74.06% of the total amides.The amides contents in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from the western high altitude area(altitude>1,000 m)were significantly higher than that in the central and eastern low altitude,and the numb intensity was strong.Especially,the amides contents in peels from Hanyuan County(132.59mg/g),Maoxian County(117.56 mg/g),Wudu District(123.23 mg/g),Maiji District(113.57mg/g),Fengxian County(123.16 mg/g)were the highest and the numb taste was strong.5.Quercitrin,hyperoside,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside,cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and catechin were the main flavonoids in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels,with the average contents were 19.82 mg/g,14.09 mg/g,8.40 mg/g,8.62 mg/g and 8.27 mg/g,respectively.The flavonoids contents in the peel from the western high altitude area(altitude>1,000 m)were higher.For example,the main flavonoids contents in peel from Hanyuan County,Fengxian County,Wudu District and Maiji District were higher,as high as 63.00 mg/g.6.A discriminant model of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.from different producing areas based on to effective components was established to evaluate the quality.The accuracy of the discriminant model established by the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)method was as high as 95.6%,and 20 key differential effective components were screened out.Based on the principal component analysis of 20 key differential effective components,the results demonstrated that the principal component variance contribution rates of volatile substances and amide substances were the largest,which were 54.944% and 9.567%,respectively.The quality of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels in the high-altitude area in the western high altitude area(altitude>1,000 m)was obviously better than that in the low altitude area in the central and eastern low altitude area.The amides and volatile oil contents in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from Hanyuan County,Maoxian County,Wudu District,Wenxian County,Maiji District and Fengxian County were higher,and the quality was excellent.7.Correlation between effective components contents of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels and climatic factors at different time scales demonstrated that:(1)Annual mean temperature,annual mean maximum temperature,annual mean precipitation,annual mean wind speed and annual sunshine duration were important annual climatic factors affecting the content of effective components in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels.(2)Max temperature of warmest quarter and mean temperature of the warmest quarter,precipitation of wettest month and precipitation of warmest quarter were the important seasonal climatic factors influencing the accumulation of effective components in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels.(3)The correlation between effective components and monthly mean temperature and monthly mean precipitation from July to August was strong.Lower monthly mean temperature and less monthly mean precipitation from July to August were beneficial to the accumulation of effective components in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels.Based on the effective components content in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions and the correlation between effective components and climatic factors,Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.peels from different regions were divided into high altitude-cool type and low altitude-warm type.8.The key climatic factors limiting the potential suitable distribution of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.were annual mean precipitation,annual mean temperature,min temperature of coldest month,mean temperature of direst quarter and mean temperature of coldest quarter.Suitable annual mean precipitation for the growth of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.was 498.5 to 795.8 mm,and the suitable annual mean temperature was 8.5 to 13.7°C.The suitable areas of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.were mainly distributed in the semihumid and semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau and the dry and hot valley zone in the Qinba Mountains and,which were located in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau below2,000 m,the Qinba Mountains and the Yellow River Basin,with good distribution continuity.Under future climate change scenarios,the suitable areas of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.showed an increasing trend,and the high suitable area of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.might shift to high altitude areas. |
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