| Dryland wheat accounts for 1/3 of the wheat area in the country.Research on the differences between dryland wheat yield and quality among different wheat varieties,clarify its most suitable sowing method and sowing amount,and clarify the mechanism of nitrogen application on dryland wheat yield and quality is of great significance to the development of Chinese wheat industry.In this study,three sowing methods(drilling sowing,furrow sowing and film-mulched sowing)were used with four sowing amounts(150 kg hm-2,225 kg hm-2,300 kg hm-2and 375 kg hm-2)to explore the optimal sowing methods and sowing amounts suitable for wheat yield formation and water use efficiency in dryland areas of the Loess Plateau during 2017-2019.Field tests will be carried out in Wenxi Dryland Wheat Test Base of Shanxi Agricultural University from 2020 to 2022.To study the differences of different wheat varieties(Yunhan 20410,Yunhan618,Yunhan 115,Chang 6359,Jinmai 47,Jinmai 92,Changhan 58,Changhang 1,Liangxing 66 and Luhan6)on soil water and nitrogen utilization,dry matter operation,grain yield formation,nutritional quality and processing and cooking quality.Through yield and protein cluster analysis combined with steamed bread taste test,the varieties with good and bad taste quality were screened out;On this basis,the effects of four nitrogen application rates(0 kg hm-2,150 kg hm-2,180 kg hm-2,210 kg hm-2)on water and nitrogen utilization,carbon metabolism,yield formation and quality of dryland wheat were studied.The main results are as follows:1.Cluster analysis from 2020 to 2022 showed that Yunhan 20410,Chang6359,Liangxing 66 and Changhang 1 were high-yielding medium protein varieties,Yunhan 115,Jinmai 92 and Yunhan 618 were middle high-protein varieties,and Changhan 58,Luohan 6 and Jinmai 47 were medium protein varieties.Compared with MY-MP(medium yield and high protein)varieties and MY-HP(medium yield and medium protein)varieties,HY-MP(high yield and medium protein)varieties increased soil water consumption,dry matter accumulation before and after flowering,panicle number and 1000-grain weight significantly increased,and grain yield significantly increased by 16.55 %-25.85 % and 18.45 %-23.90 %,respectively.The 1000-grain weight of Yunhan 20410 was significantly increased compared with other varieties,and the yield level was higher in 2 years.The MY-HP varieties were higher than the MY-MP varieties,which increased the soil water storage at flowering and mature stages,the soil water consumption at sowing and jointing stages,significantly increased the nitrogen accumulation after anthesis and its contribution rate to the grain,and increased the nitrogen absorption efficiency by 8.03 %,and then increased the content of protein and its components.It also improves the water absorption rate of flour,dough formation time and stability time,flour coefficient,wet gluten content,gluten index and flour whiteness.By evaluating the taste of 10 wheat flour products-steamed bread and analyzing the volatile substances of wheat flour,Yunhan 115 with good taste quality and Yunhan 20410 with poor taste quality were initially screened out.Analysis of volatilization substances in simulated cooking of wheat flour of Yunhan 115 and Yunhan 20410 showed that Yunhan 115 had more enrichment and modification of aroma substances than Yunhan 20410.Fourteen kinds of characteristic flavor components in wheat flour were screened,among them octanol,1-octene-3-alcohol,hexal,3-methyl-1-butanal,heptal,octanal,nonaldehyde,decylaldehyde,undecylaldehyde,trans-2-nonenal and naphthalene were the key flavor substances in wheat flour.α-terpineol and 1-hexanol can modify the flavor of wheat flour.The middle high protein cultivar Yunhan 115 had higher soil water storage at flowering and maturity stages,the middle high protein cultivar had higher soil water storage at flowering and maturity stages,and the high yield middle protein cultivar had higher soil water storage at joint stage.The middle high protein varieties increased the dry matter accumulation at anthesis and maturity,the dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to the grain,and the nitrogen accumulation at anthesis and maturity compared with the middle protein varieties.2.Effect of nitrogen application on wheat yield and qualityCompared with Yunhan 20410,soil water storage of Yunhan 115 decreased from jointing stage to flowering stage,while soil water storage of 180-210 kg hm-2 increased at maturity stage with increased nitrogen application rate.Pre-flower water consumption and their proportion were significantly increased,while post-flower water consumption and their proportion were significantly reduced.Compared with Yunhan 20410,Yunhan 115 increased dry matter accumulation before anthesis and significantly decreased dry matter accumulation after anthesis and its contribution to grain.Pre-anthesis nitrogen transfer decreased,and post-anthesis nitrogen accumulation and its contribution rate to grain were the highest in 150 kg hm-2 treatment.Under Yunhan 115,the highest yield was obtained when N rate was 150 kg hm-2,but there was no significant difference between it and 180 kg hm-2.The total starch content is the highest.In the range of0-210 kg hm-2 nitrogen application,the contents of albumin,olysin,glutenin,total protein and water absorption of dough increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate,and the accumulation of starch increased.The starch gelatinization of 180 kg hm-2 was good,and the score of steamed bread was the highest,and the types and contents of volatile substances were the most.Under Yunhan 20410,the yield was the highest at the nitrogen rate of 210 kg hm-2,which was significantly different from other treatments.At the nitrogen rate of 150 kg hm-2,starch gelatinization was good,steamed bread score was the highest,and the types and contents of volatile substances were the highest.The steamed bread score of 180 kg hm-2 under Yunhan 115 was higher than that under Yunhan 20410 combined with 150 kg hm-2 had more volatile substance types and contents.3.Furrow Sowing(FS)and film-mulched sowing(FM)treatments increased soil water storage in the0-300 cm soil layer at overwintering and jointing stages.Furthermore,FS and FM significantly increased the dry matter accumulation from the overwintering to the mature stage as compared with those of the drilling sowing(DS)treatments.Additionally,the seeding rate of 150 kg hm-2 with FS could obtain higher WUE and grain yield.In conclusion,Yunhan 115,a middle high protein variety,increased plant nitrogen accumulation at the later growth stage,and the sowing amount of 150 kg hm-2 and 180 kg hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer could simultaneously improve wheat yield and quality.High yield medium protein variety Yunhan 20410 mixed with soil moisture exploration technique sowing quantity 150 kg hm-2 nitrogen fertilizer 150 kg hm-2 effect is better. |
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