Effects Of Different Cultivation System On Grain Yield, Quality, LUE, WUE And NUE Of Winter Wheat

In this study, to explore the different cultivation technology system on the yield, quality and water use efficiency of light and heat effect of nitrogen, both in season throughout the year based on the principle of high quality and efficient technical approach selected, in response to continued warming, climate environment is characterized by Cultivation of winter wheat to provide technical support; The spike in two of three cultivars, cultivation techniques of different systems as an integrated treatment, using the same multi-point continuous experiment design research methods, de facto system of cultivation techniques for different production water quality and fertilizer use efficiency of light and heat for a comparative study of other indicators. But also from the group development, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, groups of light interception and canopy photosynthetic rate, and explore the different high quality and efficient technical system based on physiological ecology, the main results are as follows:1. Different Cultivation System on the rate of tillering and yield components ofDifferent Cultivation System of planting time and planting density through the rational allocation of fertilizer on the population dynamics and development of the scientific tillering rate regulation, the panicles can be regulated to a reasonable extent, the smaller the gap, but the main stem spike spike and tiller proportion of different composition. Cultivation System shows the different tiller before winter and spring on the tiller of the use of different. In the winter before the accumulated temperature 308.5℃ 715.5℃within the next sowing, with the reduction of accumulated before winter and spring tiller utilization increased. Sowing later T14, T24 panicles tiller, mainly through the spring and higher rates of implementation tillering, sowing early T11, T12 and T21, T22, mainly through panicles and low tiller before winter tillers rate achieved, the output of different technical systems of different components, resulting in significantly different final grain yield, grain yield limiting factor in the level of a single spike is mainly determined by the size of the productive forces, which increase the contribution of grains per spike grain weight slightly higher than contribution.In experiment one, two varieties of two years, the average grain yield of four treatment were 8272.13kg·hm^-2,8364.18kg·hm^-2,7854.14kg·hm^-2 and 7398.07kg·hm^-2, at 6566.55 kg.hm^-2 9031.50kg.hm^-2 production within the overall trend showing T12>T11>T13>T14, a significant difference among the treatments. Panicles in the range 649.50×10⁴·hm^{-2 7}72.50×10⁴·hm^-2 between the performance of the T13, T14 than T12, T11; grain number and grain weight were expressed as T11 and T12 were significantly higher than T13 and T14, TN18 Large panicle was significantly higher than in the multi-panicle JM20.In experiment two, the average grain yield of four treatments were 7643.36kg·hm^-2,8470.55 kg·hm^-2,8947.80kg·hm^-2 and 8849.85kg·hm^-2, in 7605.38kg.hm^-29007.82kg.hm^-2, production within the two varieties showed the T23> T24> T22> T21, a significant difference among the treatments. Panicles, the two varieties of the four treatments showed T23, T24 than T21, T22; grain number are expressed as T22, T23 than T21, T24; average grain weight showed T22> T21> T24> T23, and no significant differences among treatments.2. Effect of different cultivation system on grain qualityDifferent Cultivation System in sowing time, planting density, nitrogen application rate and the base and topdressing, irrigation volume and other factors there is a huge difference between, but the impact on grain protein content did not reach significant levels, with the former factor experiment results not consistent with the decision that the main factor in grain protein content is the variety characteristics. Different Cultivation System on the quality of the secondary processing of wheat flour have a certain influence, but most did not reach significant level indicators.Experiment fourteen treatment grain protein content, total amino acids and essential amino acid content, wet gluten content, dough development time were expressed as T11, T12 than T13, T14, in which the first two indexes were not significant between treatments after the three indicators difference reached significant level in varying degrees; the dough stability time performance for the T13, T14 than T11, T12, significant levels between different treatments are also different. Experiment twenty-four protein content between the treatments and wet gluten content and experiment a performance trend. Sedimentation value of the performance trends of the two species are not totally consistent, the average value of four treatments settlement rendered as T24> T23> T22> T21, T22, T23, T24 T21 settlement values were higher than 3.23%, 5.77%, 6.62%. Dough development time showed the highest T23, T22 minimum, dough stability time performance for the T23, T24 than T21, T22.3. Different Cultivation System of the impact of energy useWinter wheat cultivation technology system in different parts of the photosynthetic performance indicators and the final impact of solar energy utilization efficiency of different, although the different treatment of the LI, LAI, CAP, Pn and chlorophyll content, Fv / Fm,ΦPSII other indicators, the dynamics of different growth stages different, but appeared as T11, T12 than T13, T14, that T11, T12 photosynthetic performance than T13, T14. In experiment two , two varieties of two years, T11, T12, T13, T14, respectively of total energy utilization 0.951,0.984,0.944,0.918 average, the average grain were 0.466,0.479,0.461,0.444 energy utilization are showed the highest T12, T14 lowest. Experiment twenty-two varieties T21, T22, T23, T24 handle the average utilization rate of the total energy, respectively 0.850,0.938,1.000,0.977, the average grain were 0.418,0.475,0.500,0.501 energy efficiency, are expressed as the highest T23, T21 lowest.4. Different Cultivation System on water use efficiencyThe total rainfall in the wheat growing period was 130.3mm 158.4mm under the premise of the experiment two, the average water use efficiency of four dealing with the highest T13 (18.03kg·hm^-2·mm^-1), respectively, than T14, T12, T11 increased 5.49%, 11.36%, 11.85%, a significant difference among the treatments. Sanshui that irrigation during the growing period (225mm) in the realization of 6566.55 8452.50 kg·hm^-2, while high, can significantly increase water use efficiency; irrigation Four Rivers (300mm) can increase grain yield of 9.07%, but has lower water use efficiency 11.61%.In experiment two, the two varieties of water use efficiency of four species were expressed as T23> T24> T22> T21, a significant difference among the treatments. T21 irrigation (375mm) of water use efficiency (13.73%) and grain yield (7643.5kg·hm^-2) were the lowest, T23 irrigation (300mm) of water use efficiency (17.96%) and grain yield (8947.0 kg·hm^-2) the highest.5. Different Cultivation System on Nitrogen Utilization Nitrogen in the experiment as a 270kg·hm^-2 under the precondition, the proportion of nitrogen topdressing at the end of 0.5:0.5 by the T11 down to T13 and T14 of 0.22:0.78 of 0.4:0.6, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity but reduced, which previous research results were different. Two two two varieties of the eight experiment units average partial factor productivity of nitrogen 29.53 kg·kg^-1 (24.321kg·kg^-1 32.793 kg·kg^-1), different treatments T14 showed the lowest followed by T13, T12 and T11 level of each other; average nitrogen use efficiency of 33.87%, T11, the average nitrogen use efficiency than the T12, T13, T14 was increased by 7.01%, 6.29%, 5.01%. Second, nitrogen in the experiment was 240 kg·hm^-2 315kg·hm^-2 a prerequisite, the two species showed partial factor productivity of nitrogen fertilizer for the T22> T24> T23> T21, that nitrogen application rate was 240 kg·hm^-2 270kg·hm^-2 is conducive to the improvement of nitrogen partial factor productivity; nitrogen with the 315kg·hm^-2 compared the two treatments, the ratio of base fertilizer and top dressing of 0.5:05 T21 to T23 of 0.3:0.7 to reduce, indicating the end of chase decreased the proportion of nitrogen partial productivity.6. Winter wheat cultivation technology system of high-quality selection of applicationsIn experiment one: T11 Yanzhou similar ecological zones in Tai'an application should be careful; T12 are high quality and efficiency of resource use relative to both the cultivation technology system, suitable for water supply, in order to target areas for the application of high yield and quality; T13 suitable for water and annual output of both the main application areas; T14 only for late sowing wheat applications.In experiment two, T21 high input and low output, on the use of fertilizer and low light and heat resources, not promote the use of; T22 suitable for wheat in the high fertility, taking into account annual output-based application areas; T23 high input high output, and can be Corn production for the 5 days of light and heat resources, suitable for low fat whole wheat yield of the main regions, taking into account application; T24 suitable for late sowing due to high fertilizer applied when the crop.Eight integrated technology system of two experiment results, that in the winter before the accumulated temperature 308.5℃⁷15.5℃range of sowing date, to achieve high quality and efficient production, taking into account the integrated maize cultivation technology system to T12, T13 and T23 is the best. Appropriate range of its targets were: sowing date in October 10 to 16, between planting density in the 180×10⁴·hm^-2 225×10⁴·hm^-2 between the amount of irrigation in the 225mm 300mm (growth period rainfall 130.3mm 158.4mm), nitrogen in the 270 kg·hm^-2 315 kg·hm^-2 between the base and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in between 0.5:0.5 0.3:0.7. Different production and climatic conditions, can be appropriate in the above parameters with a reasonable range to achieve the goal of high quality and efficient.