Study On The Effect Of Activated Water On The Growth Of Different Crops And Edible Fungi

Improving water and fertilizer use efficiency and realizing sustainable use of land resources is an essential way to develop modern agriculture with high quality.Activated water technologies such as oxygenation and magnetization have the advantages of low cost,easy operation,and environmental friendliness,exhibiting some potential in water and fertilizer saving,high and stable yield,and emission reduction.However,many scholars still question application effect of activated water,and the mechanism of activated water for yield enhancement is not completely clear,which limits the widespread use of this technology in agricultural production.This thesis systematically investigated the effects of activated water on plant growth,physiological characteristics,root features,yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency of different crops,in order to explore the application conditions and scope of activated water technology and to analyze the mechanism of activated water for yield and quality improvement.Meanwhile,there are few researches on activated water technology in edible fungi.This thesis explored the effects of activated water on the time to initiation of pinheads,yield,biological efficiency,and storage characteristics of different types of edible fungi providing new ideas for edible fungi cultivation.The main results are listed as follows:(1)The deionized water after activation exhibited different biological effects on rice and wheat under hydroponics.Aerated water significantly promoted the growth of rice plants,with plant height,leaf area,and above-and below-ground biomass significantly increasing by 8.0%,21.1%,16.3%,and 22.5%,respectively.Aerated water mainly promoted rice growth by improving the root structure and increasing the proportion of fine roots(D<0.5 mm).However,aerated water had no promoting effect on the growth of wheat plants,and even existed some inhibitory effects.Magnetized water significantly increased the maximum root length and total root volume of wheat roots,resulting in a significant increase in aboveground biomass of 13.6%,but had no significant effect on rice roots.Moreover,the combination of activated water(magnetized aerated water)inhibited the growth of rice and wheat plants and roots compared to aerated water or magnetized water,indicating that magnetized aerated water has no superimposed effect on the two activated water types.(2)Under substrate culture,urban tap water after activation was more effectively applied in water and nutrient stress,which could alleviate the damage of stress on crop growth to some extent,and the magnetized water was more effective.The above-and below-ground biomass of tomatoes under magnetized water irrigation increased by 12.2%and 38.2% in moderate drought,23.2% and 57.7% in severe drought,12.8% and 11.5%in low potassium,and 22.4% and 36.3% in potassium deficiency,respectively.This indicated that as the water and nutrient stress increased,the more significant the damaging effect of magnetized water mitigation stress on the crop.Aerated water irrigation only increased tomato plant and root biomass by 1.2-35.2% under water and nutrient stress,which was lower than magnetized water irrigation,probably related to the loose porous culture substrate and the lack of anoxic environment.In addition,magnetized water irrigation also significantly improved water use efficiency(WUE)in moderate drought,severe drought,and potassium deficiency by 23.2%,51.2%,and13.6%,respectively,and aerated water irrigation significantly improved WUE in severe drought(35.2%).However,there was no significant effect of activated water irrigation on tomato growth and WUE in the absence of stress.In addition,consistent with the results of hydroponic tests,the combination of activated water had an inhibitory effect on the growth of tomatoes with or without stress under substrate culture,so magnetized aerated water could not superimpose the effects of aerated water and magnetized water,and the combination was not suitable for use.(3)The addition of woody peat to the soil increased the organic matter content by44.3-74.9%.Irrigation with aerated water and magnetized water accelerated the decomposition and transformation of woody peat and promoted nutrient uptake and utilization by the roots,which significantly benefited spinach growth in the short term,with plant height,leaf area,and biomass increasing by 5.6-8.9%,9.6-14.7%,and 19.2-39.3%,respectively.Aerated water irrigation with woody peat addition was better than magnetized water irrigation with woody peat addition,and the WUE of aerated water irrigation with woody peat addition was significantly increased by 19.4%.Therefore,it is recommended to use aerated water for irrigation after adding woody peat to the soil,which is not only beneficial to nutrient uptake and utilization by plants but also can save water resources.However,the effects of activated water irrigation on spinach growth and soil physicochemical properties were not significantly different from tap water irrigation when no woody peat was added.(4)Aerated water and magnetized water facilitated rice seed germination,increasing germination rate by 5.2% and 4.4%,respectively,significantly increasing germination potential and improving uniformity and homogeneity of seedling emergence.At medium and low nitrogen(N)levels,aerated water irrigation significantly increased the net photosynthetic rate and promoted rice tillering,thus significantly increasing above-and below-ground biomass,and ultimately increasing yield by 13.6% and 8.2%,respectively.Meanwhile,aerated water irrigation significantly increased root length density(22.9-29.5%),root surface area density(12.4-24.4%),and root tip number(20.6-32.5%)at low and medium N levels,significantly promoted N uptake by roots,stems,and seeds,as well as improved the nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)of plants(26.2-32.0%).Magnetized water irrigation also tended to promote rice growth,and increase yield and NUE,but its enhancement effect was not as good as that of aerated water irrigation,and the effect of activated water irrigation on rice was limited at high N levels.Therefore,the use of aerated water irrigation in combination with reduced N application is recommended for rice cultivation.The mechanism of yield and efficiency increase of aerated water under soil cultivation can be explained as follows.On the one hand,oxygenation technology increased the dissolved oxygen content of ordinary water by 76.1%,and irrigation with aerated water can improve soil aeration and effectively alleviate root zone hypoxia,thus facilitating root growth and promoting root absorption and utilization of water and nutrients.On the other hand,aerated water irrigation increased leaf chlorophyll content,promoted the efficiency of light energy absorption and conversion of leaves,enhanced photosynthetic capacity,and increased the photosynthetic reaction rate,thus increasing plant dry matter accumulation,which ultimately contributed to grain-filling and enhances yield.(5)Aerated water and magnetized water also had different effects on different types of edible fungus.Aerated water treatment significantly increased the total yield(9.3%,9.7%,and 25.8%)and biological efficiency(10.3%,4.9%,and 7.7%)of Pleurotus ostreatus,Pleurotus geesteranus and Agrocybe cylindracea,while there was no significant effect on Pleurotus eryngii and Hericium erinaceus.Magnetized water treatment significantly increased the yield(15.9%)and biological efficiency(7.0%)of Hericium erinaceus,while there was no significant effect on other types of mushrooms.Moreover,activated water treatment can shorten the planting period and extend the post-harvest storage days to some extent.Therefore,the use of aerated water treatment is recommended for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus,Pleurotus geesteranus and Agrocybe cylindracea,and magnetized water treatment is recommended for the cultivation of Hericium erinaceus.Aerated water significantly improves yield and water and nutrient use efficiency by increasing soil oxygen content,promoting root growth and water and nutrient uptake and utilization,and enhancing leaf photosynthesis.Therefore,in agricultural production,it is recommended to use aerated water irrigation in poor conditions such as rhizosphere hypoxia,low soil nutrient content,stress,or addition of exogenous organic inert materials to improve the soil environment,help crops cope with adverse conditions,and increase grain yield.Meanwhile,aerated water treatment is also recommended for the production of edible fungi,such as Pleurotus ostreatus,Pleurotus geesteranus,and Agrocybe cylindracea,which can further enhance the profit of cultivation.