| Full Fermentation Bedding System(FFBS)is the fourth generation cattle raising model after tie-stall,free-stall and fermentation bedding model.It can not only save investment and and maintenance costs,but also reduce environmental pollution,improve cattle’s lying time,comfort and production performance.It can also reduce the incidence of limb and hoof disease,mastitis and so on.In 2021,Full Fermentation Bedding System cattle raising technology was listed as a "major leading technology" by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.Since the processing of cow manure bedding is the core of the technology,the main research contents of this study include: screen experiment of microbial agents for buffalo manure bedding treatment technology,optimization experiment of buffalo manure bedding treatment technology,evaluation experiment of application effect of fermented buffalo manure bedding material and experiment of bacterial distribution of different bedding materials in different seasons.It provides theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization and popularization of the full fermentation bedding system cattle raising technology.1.Selecting experiment of microbial agents for buffalo manure bedding treatment technologyIn order to select the optimal microbial agent for the bedding treatment of buffalo manure,three commercial compost microbial agents and three self-developed microbial agents were selected(Agent A: The first-generation self-developed microbial agent;Agent B,Agent C and Agent E are composite agents products commonly used in composting;Agent F:The second-generation self-developed microbial agent;Strain G: The third-generation self-developed microbial agent).The effects of different microbial agents on ectopic fermentation were evaluated by measuring the temperature,moisture content,p H value and the distribution of microbial community.The results showed that agent F and G had the best fermentation effect,the highest fermentation temperature in the middle layer of the pile could reach more than 75℃,and the moisture content of the pile could be reduced to about 40%,which was significantly better than strain B,C and E.Agent A was eliminated because of its poor fermentation effect and could not achieve the effect of harmless treatment.The cost of agent G was the lowest(750 yuan for the agent needed to ferment 100 m3 buffalo manure),followed by agent F(1000 yuan),agent E(1200 yuan),agent C(1750 yuan)and agent B(1980 yuan).2.Optimization experiment of buffalo manure bedding treatment technologyAfter selecting the optimal microbial agent for the bedding treatment of buffalo manure,the research on the bedding treatment technology of buffalo manure was carried out.The effects of different pile sizes(bucket pile,small pile,medium pile,large pile)and different pile turning intervals(3 d,4 d,6 d,8 d)on the bedding treatment of ectopic fermentation of buffalo manure were compared.The results show that the medium pile(volume)has the best fermented effect,which is characterized by less turning times(10 times)and shorter fermentation period(45 days).Followed by large pile treatment,which required 15 times of turning and 65 days of fermentation period.Both the bucket and small pile treatment tests failed.Comparing the effect of turning intervals on the bedding treatment of buffalo manure,it is found that the shortening turning interval can shorten the processing period.The fermentation period of the treatment groups with turning intervals of 3 d,4 d,6 d and 8 d were40 d,44 d,56 d and 64 d,respectively.3.Evaluation experiment of application effect of fermented buffalo manure bedding materialForty lactating buffaloes were selected and divided into two groups according to age and lactation period.They were raised on harmless fermented buffalo manure bedding and common chaff bedding,respectively.The safety,science and feasibility of harmless fermented buffalo manure bedding were evaluated by analyzing the lying behavior,milk yield,welfare and health of buffaloes.The results showed that the application of fermented buffalo manure bedding material improved the lying behavior of buffaloes.The average daily lying time of buffaloes in the experimental group was increased by 60 minutes(P < 0.05),the number of lying frequency was increased by 1.0 times(P < 0.05),the standing time was decreased by 32minutes(P < 0.05),and the buffalo comfort index was improved.The average milk yield of buffaloes raised on fermented manure bedding was increased by 5.78% compared with that raised on chaff(P < 0.05).The application of fermented manure bedding significantly improved the body hygiene of buffaloes(P < 0.05).None of the buffaloes in the two groups had moderate or severe lameness or joint damage,but by calculation,the cost of fermented manure bedding is 46% of chaff bedding,so it greatly reduces the cost of bedding material.4.Seasonal variation of bacterial distribution of different bedding materials in different bedding materialsIn order to explore the seasonal variation of microbial bacterial distribution of two kinds of bedding materials,the samples of two groups of bedding material in different seasons were collected for 16 S sequencing.The results showed that there were differences in the variation of bacterial distribution of the two bedding materials in different seasons.OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units)of bedding material in different seasons are different.OTUs in chaff bedding material was the highest in summer(4273),followed by in spring(2811),and the lowest in winter(2080).The fermented manure bedding material was the highest in summer(2982),and there was no significant difference between spring and winter(2477 and 2559).The α diversity of chaff bedding samples in different seasons was significantly different,and the stability and safety were poor.There was no significant difference in α diversity among the fermented manure bedding samples in different seasons,which showed high stability and safety.In conclusion,compared with commercially compost microbial agents,the self-developed microbial agents have the best effect on the bedding treatment of ectopic fermentation of buffalo manure,with simple operation and low cost.Compared with chaff bedding,the application of harmless fermented manure bedding can improve the lying behavior of buffaloes,increase milk yield and improve the health and welfare of buffaloes.There were significant differences in the distribution of bacteria of two bedding materials in different seasons.This study provides theoretical basis and technical support for the optimization and popularization of the Full Fermentation Bedding System cattle raising technology,which is of great significance for reducing the feeding cost,increasing the improve production efficiency and animal welfare,and reducing environmental pollution. |
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