| Besides the traditional acupuncture and medicine,Taoist medicine has also contain some arcanums that are often neglected.As one of the most important treatment in taoist medicine,the taoist magic figure is typical.Taoist magic figures affect patients through rites,sounds,figures and even thoughts,to cure diseases.The taoist magic figures show us how ancients acknowledge the world and try to transform the world.Taoist magic figure is consist of supplication,amulet and taboo,they are often mixed during practical application.The original meaning of supplication is praying,and infiltrates medicine after Wang Bing made a wrong explanation of telling etiology,this is the part that taoist magic figure most coincides with traditional medicine.The original meaning of amulet is credential for dispatching troops,taoists wrote down incantations,talismans and so on by deformed letters,to create a credential for dispatching spirits.Taboos root in self-discipline for fear of elements.In traditional Chinese concept,some behaviors will enrage spirits and incur disaster,hence people should avoid them.Taboos combined with taoist and became commandment.The three have a early origin,supplication may well born with human’s language,the earliest record of telling etiology is found in inscriptions on oracle bones,the systematic record is in "52 Sickness Sides".Amulet is a product of mapping from secular power to spirits’ world,the concept comes from correspondence between man and universe.Taboo is a common cultural phenomenon in human society,through the phylogeny of human society,mankind formulate standard to restrain personal behaviors in order to avoid disasters,according to life experience.Taoist magic figure originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty,developed rapidly during Wei,Jin,Northern and Southern Dynasties,and been accepted into official medical system,reached top in Sui and Tang Dynasties.After Song and Ming Dynasties,it has been suspected and fading away.Mainstream doctors were generally doubtful about it,but it was still active in Chinese folk.The remnant of witchcraft combined with immortal ideology,and formed taoist magic figure.Along with the continuous improvement of taoist mythos,the range of application of taoist magic figure has gone a process from vague to clear,the scope of indications gradually enlarged.However in reality,the range of application of taoist magic figure quickly shrunk after Song and Ming Dynasties,been confined to contagion,department of traumatology,surgery,gynaecology,obstetrics,pediatrics and so on,and headed for two extreme:one is diseases which are highly infectious;another is diseases that are light such as nocturnal fretfulness infinfants and bleeding.Taoist magic figure has a close relation with Traditional Chinese Medicine,the fund of theory also comes from naturalistic observation,social experience and philosophical metaphor.As the footstone of metaphor construction there are orientational metaphor,ontological metaphor and structural metaphor.Taoist magic figure will take various means such as amulet,or using language to build scenes,therefore it refer to multimodal metaphor.After numerous superpositions of metaphor,something become symbol.The research designs to explore how humans’ thought forms the frame of taoist magic figure finally through metonymy and mapping step by step,mainly according to "General Records of Holy Universal Relief" and "52 Sickness Sides".Find that adoration on letter is the ideological root of taoist magic figure,people think that language and characters can exert influence on reality directly.Under the guiding ideology of "evil spirits pathopoiesia",people hope to expel negative "spirits" with the help of positive things.In orientational metaphor,east and north are important images.For sun comes up in the east,east can be the metonymy of sun,then form the metaphor about vitality and power;the "smooth" that east symbolizes comes from metaphor of river.Big Dipper lies on Tamahome,the up and down of position form the metaphor of status,so north also have the function of suppress evil spirits.The application of number is full of symbol,seven and three are mostly in common use.Big Dipper and Seven Luminaries under adoration on stars make number "seven" the symbol of infinite time,summary of space make it the symbol of infinite space.So number "seven" can describe the length of time except operation times and object amount.Number "three" correspond to"heaven,earth and man",it is the variable out of the balance of Yin and Yang,symbolizing creation,express continuity of behaviors,therefore it is usually used to stipulate operation times and object amount.Under the influence of orientational metaphor,odd number takes precedence over even number,hence the application of number is inclined to odd number.Peach wood and spice are materials of taoist magic figure in common use.The convention that crafting weapons with peach wood and medicinal value of peach form the metaphor about struggle between peach wood and ghost of diseases.And the high reproducibility and prematurity of peach make metaphor of vigorousness.Spice reposes respect to gods for its expense,it can help keeping a pure body and mind,rinsing body makes a metaphor of expelling disasters and diseases.Amulet takes charm as carrier,hence it relates to multimodal metaphor.Metaphor of black comes from fear of astronomer,metaphor of red comes from sun and blood,using of land makes the metaphor of yellow.The metaphor of colors root deeply in society and culture,make viewers understanding smoothly.The eternity of metal and stone is used as a metaphor for longevity,thus forms alchemy.Taoist external alchemy is poisonous,taoists migrate the metaphor of alchemy to taoist internal alchemy,and associate with amulet practice,forming the structure of amulet as head,keys,foot,using human body metaphor.Taoist runes are consisted of names of spirits and anaerobic things,in the ancients’ conception name can replace entity,placing anaerobic things on the name of ghost can make a metaphor of suppressing ghost of diseases.As for the other independent system,praying character words that take "Yu" and "Gui" as the core are the production of worship of thunder and lightning,and five ray character words complete anaerobic mission relying on positive symbolic meaning.Objectively,the preoperative preparation of taoist magic figure has an epidemic prevention effect,the combination with medicine uses the same idea along with Traditional Chinese Medicine single prescription,and the explanation of truth has an effect of soothing.Taoist magic figure requires forgoing distracting thoughts,what is similar to meditation in qigong,the process that taoists perform amulet is similar to externalizing qi energy,this may be concerned with hypnosis.Come to the conclusion that taoist magic figure is the result of similarity law and contagious law.The ancients establish the theory of taoist magic figure by metaphor,but the theory which is lack of demonstration,so it may contort natural law inevitably.Taoist magic figure takes metaphor as treatment,the basis of effect is"belief",that is the reason of "Unbeliever will not be cured".How to eliminate unreasonable component of taoist magic figure and excavate psychotherapy of it is worth exploring. |
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