Research On The History Of Phonophonetic Theor

The application of phonogram is the mature marker of Chinese characters developing.Scholars of the previous generations have studied and achieved abundant investigations of phonograms until now.Since the 20th century,the study of phonogram history has been promoted by the progress of comprehensive academic research.Several phonogram materials are proposed;however,they lack a concrete book of the general history of phonograms.This paper aims to indicate the achievement,deficiency,and future research direction of phonograms by collecting studies of phonograms since the Han Dynasty.Additionally,the clarifying development of phonograms is studied by the methodologies of historical etymology and the historical-comparative approach.The conclusion is the cornerstone of the further study about the properties of Chinese characters so that the current findings are contributed to the relative fields of historical studies.Chapter 1 is the general introduction of phonogram history.The phonogram history is divided into four phases: the initial phase,explorative phase,evolutive phase,and innovative phase.This chapter illustrates phonograms’ primary studies and essential materials at each phase resumptively.Chapter 2 illustrates the initial phase of phonogram study,from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.This chapter focuses on the Shuowen jiezi(説文解字)written by Xu Shen(许慎),discussing the relative concepts of phonograms,namely definition,classification,precedence,and annotation.From the Three Kingdoms Period to the Tang Dynasty,the studies of phonograms are demonstrated in generations of notes,literal and phonetic books,and classic commentary books.The representative views of phonogram studies are illustrated by Wei Heng(卫恒the Jin Dynasty),Gu Yewang(顾野王the Nan Dynasty,Liang),Jia Gongyan(贾公彦the Tang Dynasty),and Li Yangbing(李阳冰the Tang Dynasty).Scholars focus on the phonogram properties,lacking theoretical conclusions during this period.Chapter 3 illustrates the explorative phase of phonogram study,from the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty.There are three dramatic perspectives put forward.Firstly,based on the canonical Shuowen Jiezi(説文解字)study,Xu Xuan(徐铉),Xu Kai(徐锴),Wang Anshi(王安石)demonstrate the new perspective which phonograms are altered to syssemantographs.Secondly,the construction of Wenzi zimu shuo(the derivation of characters)illuminates Zheng Qiao(郑樵),Dai Tong(戴侗),Yang Huan(杨桓),Zhao Guze(赵古则),Zhao Yiguang(赵宧光)reconsider the definition,classification,and other relative issues of phonograms.Thirdly,Youwenshuo(the right-position of phonetic component conveys semantic meaning)illuminates Wang Zishao(王子韶),Wang Guanguo(王观国),Dai Tong(戴侗),Huang Sheng(黄生)to deliberate the phonetic component conveys the semantic meaning further.From the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty,scholars pay attention to integrating phonogram theory and achieve progress to a certain extent.Chapter 4 illustrates the evolutive phase of phonogram study in the Qing Dynasty.The definitions of phonograms are classified into three classes,namely Zhusheng jiaxingshuo(the pictographic symbol attached to phonetic component),Zhuxing jiashengshuo(the phonetic component attached to pictographic symbol),and Banyi banxingshuo(the character is combined by one semantographic symbol and one phonetic symbol).Many scholars agree with the latter two studies.The defined classifications of phonograms aim at the standard of classification and the idiosyncratic phonograms.The discussions of Yi sheng character(the component of one character conveys phonetics and semantics)are comprehensive and idiographic,which are proposed by Duan Yucai(段玉裁),Gui Fu(桂馥),Wang Yun(王筠).Based on the Youwenshuo(the right-position phonetic component conveys semantic meaning),Duan Yucai(段玉裁),Wang Niansun(王念孙)propose Shengyi tongyuan(the component bears phonetics and semantics)and Shengjin yitong(the phonetic component of two characters are near-phonetics and the semantic meaning is the same),which are the progressional studies which the phonetic component bears the semantic meaning.In the study of Siti eryong(pictograph,deictograph,syssemantograph,phonogram are word-formation methods,mutual explanation and loangraph are word-usage methods),Dai Zhen,Duan Yucai,Jiang Sheng,Huang Yizhou recognize the phenomenon that phonogram is one of the fundamental methodologies of Chinese character-formation accurately.Additionally,they discuss the phonogram precedence,historical evolution of phonograms,and its issues of phonograms.The Qing scholars not only concentrate on the analysis of phonograms intensely but obtain the cognition of phonogram definition,classification,precedence,property,phonetic symbol conveys semantic meaning,meanwhile promoting the previous phonogram study,and the feature of evolution is illustrated.Chapter 5 illustrates the innovative phase of phonogram study from the 20th century till now.In this period,combining paleographic materials,scholars investigate the definition of phonogram with an explicit recognition.Based on the analysis of phonogram emergency and shape-formation approach,Tang Lan(唐兰)and Wang Ning(王宁)propose the novel views of the phonogram classification.Tang Lan(唐兰)proposes the initial phonograms,monolithic phonograms,and Wang Ning(王宁)proposes two perspectives,which character is combined with and markedness component and phonetic component and the study of pictographic-phonetic character.Lin Yiguang(林义光)and Qiu Xigui(裘锡圭)propose the properties of phonograms,such as number,ascription,rationality,emerging principle,and other issues as well as they explore a deeper study of idiosyncratic phonograms.As for the study of phonogram precedence,there are two representative perspectives following:Zhu Zonglai(朱宗莱)supports the perspective that syssemantograph emerges before phonogram,and Li Xiaoding(李孝定)proposes loangraph appearing before phonogram.In the study of phonogram origin and emergency,Yang Shuda(杨树达)and Yu Xingwu(于省吾)propose the view that phonogram is derived from the pictograph,the syssemantograph,and the loanpgraph;Tang Lan(唐兰),Qiu Xigui(裘锡圭),Wang Ning(王宁)claim phonogram is derived from the graphic derivation.In the study of pictographic symbol function,Li Guoying(李国英)and Chen Feng(陈枫)propose semantic indication and classification;Gao Hongjin(高鸿缙),Zhao Cheng(赵诚)propose pictographic symbol,deictic symbol,classified-pictographic symbol and correlational-pictographic symbol.Li Guoying(李国英)proposes synonymity,near-synonymity,homo-semantic synonymity.In studying phonetic components that convey the pronunciation,Qiu Xigui(裘锡圭)proposes perspectives of homophone,near-homophone,and allophone.In the study of phonetic component that conveys the phonetic feature,Shen Jianshi(沈兼士)discusses the etymology of right-position phonetic symbol,which is the basic theory of six right-position phonetic symbol derivations.Li Guoying(李国英)proposes the name,definition,methodology,and materials of the phonetic component conveying etymology function,which is an authoritative view.In the study of phonetic symbol classification,Jiang Shanguo(蒋善国)proposes the phonetic symbol without semantics,and the phonetic symbol bears semantics concurrently.Liu Zhao(刘钊)proposes the views of phonetic symbols added and superimposed.Based on the function of signal symbol and phonetic symbol study,the ratio of signal symbol conveys the semantics,and the ratio of phonetic symbol conveys phonetics of Mandarin is developed,and Zhou Youguang(周有光)and Shi Zhengyu(施正宇)are representative.Additionally,in the study of Chinese character emergency history,Huang Dekuan(黄德宽),Liu Zhiji(刘志基),Wang Ping(王平)investigate the number and usage frequency of phonograms at different phases and manifest the fact that Chinese characters emerging phonograms straightforwardly in the Pre-Qin Dynasty.In the 20th century,scholars combined the previous studies of paleography and western linguistic theories,focusing on the study of phonograms,and exploring the study field of phonograms.The great perspectives are achieved,namely phonogram origin,phonogram emergency,the function and classification of signal symbol and phonetic symbol,and the different features of phonograms in each developing phase.Chapter 6 is the general estimation and expectation of phonogram history.From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty,scholars focus on the definition and classification of phonograms,and the representative phonogram theory is Zileishuo(phonetic symbol conveys semantic meaning).During the period of the Song,Yuan,and Ming Dynasties,Wenzi zimushuo(graphic derivation)and Youwenshuo(the right-position of phonetic component conveys semantic meaning)are proposed based on the previous studies.In the Qing Dynasty,scholars inherited the previous phonogram theories and developed studies of phonogram definition,phonogram classification,Youwenshuo(the right-position of phonetic component conveys semantic meaning),and Siti eryong(pictograph,deictograph,syssemantograph,phonogram are word-formation methods,mutual explanation and loangraph are word-usage methods).Since the 20th century,scholars have developed the previous studies and explored the content of phonogram studies,which obtain essentially innovative theories of phonogram emergency,the functions of signal symbol and phonetic symbol,and phonogram classification.In future research of phonograms,scholars will concentrate on the phonogram features in the different emerging phases and the different character materials while deeply discussing simplified characters.In the study of phonogram history,scholars highly focus on the literature arrangement and the overseas phonogram findings to complement phonetics studies related to phonograms.