A Study On The Contact Between The Northeast Dialect And Mandarin

In the process of the development and evolution of languages,any will come into contact with other languages to varying degrees.Language contact is the fundamental cause of language evolution.Therefore,the study of language contact and language evolution has always been a hot topic in historical linguistics,descriptive linguistics and sociolinguistics.In terms of the research on the domestic dialect and Mandarin contact,more and more academic attention has been paid to it recently,and it has developed rapidly.Thus,it has already formed a state of integration between the Northeast dialect and Mandarin due to their high intensive contact in the long run,but the contact research has not attracted the academic attention.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the contact evolution for the further understanding of the development rules of the Northeast dialects and Mandarin.Taken Changchun City of Jilin Province as a case,this paper comprehensively discusses the diachronic stages and the synchronic types of contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin based on abundant field investigation corpus,and describes in detail the structural variation of Changchun dialect and Changchun local Mandarin from the perspective of the domestic dialect and Mandarin contact.On this basis,the paper tries to explain the evolution mechanism and types of contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin.The thesis is divided into seven chapters.The first chapter is an introduction,which mainly explains the research background and problems,the definition of the research object,the research purpose and the research value,the research review,the theoretical basis,the research method and the detailed source of the corpus.Chapter two focuses on the study of the diachronic stages and the synchronic types of the contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin.According to Thomason’s language contact theory,the contact between Changchun dialect and local Mandarin can be divided into three stages based on some social factors,such as the length of the contact,the attitude towards Mandarin of the native dialect speakers,the fluency of Mandarin and the number of bilinguals etc.It includes casual exposure(1956～1981)and high intensity exposure(1982～1999),high intensity exposure(2000 up to now).The evolution of the language contact shows different characteristics in different diachronic stages.In case of the synchronic types of the contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin,the language influence caused by the contact is bidirectional.On the one hand,Mandarin has a profound influence on the dialect,causing the characteristics of no boundary and hierarchy for the dialect.On the other hand,the dialect has a great impact on Mandarin reversely,which leads to many variations in phonetics,vocabulary and grammar for Changchun local Mandarin.The third chapter sets forth the language variations of the Northeast dialect in Changchun from the perspective of the dialect and Mandarin contact.After a long and deep contact,the dialect has been influenced by Mandarin,causing the large-scale and systematic changes of its pronunciation,vocabulary,morphology and syntax.According to the order of Mandarin borrowing,it follows roughly as lexical component,syntactic component or phonological component,morphological component.The lexical component borrowing induced by dialect and Mandarin contact is in the first place,followed by phonological and grammatical borrowing.Based on the survey of 969 dialect words,253 words became gradually endangered or even extinct,accounting for 26.1%.Among the non-endangered 716 dialect words,315 words are included in the Modern Chinese Dictionary,accounting for 35.2%,while the other 401 words are not recorded,accounting for 41.4%.According to the survey of the 401 words,it is found that 341 words are shared with Mandarin,accounting for 85%.By the influence of the contact with Mandarin,the phonetic variations of the Northeast dialect in Changchun mainly contains the following: the pre-tip affricate/affricate of the dialect has changed from the original indistinct meaning to the distinct meaning;the original n[n] sound before the zero consonant of the open rhyme disappears;the r[r] consonant of the voiced fricative at the back of the tip of the tongue has changed from very few to numerous and systematic;the original complex vowel ao/iao and the nasal vowel an/eng were replaced by the vowel ou,ue,üeu,üɑna,ong respectively in Mandarin;in the tone variation,the first of the four tones in Changchun dialect is affected by Mandarin tone to be pronounced as the second,third and fourth of the four tones,and the second of the four tones as the first,third and fourth of the four tones,and the third of the four tones as the first,second and fourth of the four tones,and the fourth of the four tones as the first,second and third of the four tones.Due to the influence of the contact with Mandarin,the grammatical variation of Changchun dialect mainly includes the sharp reduction of the original affix or class affix indicating occupation or identity,especially the affix "～ zi",which is one of the most typical characteristics of Changchun dialect.Changchun dialect words or the fixed grammatical constructions are becoming more and more endangered,such as "yi + polyphonic onomatopoeia","zhe me/na me/bu + xia er" and "adjective +zhe he ne","polyphonic noun +polyphonic suffix","zei la/de la/la la" type,"overlapping + noun").There are four forms of "verb pejorative description",that is to say,"V er V er de/V le V le de/V er(le)V er(le)/V de V de de".Some of them are freely converted and shared with the "yi V yi V" structure in Mandarin.Some structures,such as "V de V de de",expresses not only the derogatory but also neutral and positive meaning.The equal comparison sentences "qiang qi","bu gen","bu ding" and "bu nian" in the dialect are basically replaced by Mandarin comparison sentences,and the affirmative comparison sentences of equal comparison are used more often.Chapter four involves in the language variations of Changchun local Mandarin from the perspective of the dialect and Mandarin contact.After the long and deep contact,local Mandarin has a lot of variations in pronunciation,vocabulary and grammar by the influence of the dialect.According to Thomason’s theory of conversion mechanism,the influence of the dialect on local Mandarin begins with syntactic and phonological components,followed by lexical components.The Northeast dialect in Changchun has the greatest influence on the grammar of local Mandarin.Some grammatical features of the dialect are gradually transferred to local Mandarin,resulting in some variations in the grammar.It is mainly manifested in seven aspects: first,some are the affixes that marked diminutive,the second is the preposition "ge" and the phenomenon of preposition suspension,the third is the usage of the surrogate predicate "di",the fourth is the pattern of the verb overlap to express the continuous meaning,the fifth is the adjective vivid form "AB er de/di",the sixth is the repeated questions "VP bu" and "VP mei",and the seventh is the sentence with a word "hao".Affected by the Northeast dialect,the phonetic variations of Changchun local Mandarin mainly include: the harmonic or the pithy rhyme is pronounced as a nasal accent [(?)] before the zero initial consonant n [n];The final vowel o [o] after the bilabial or labiodental consonants is pronounced as the final vowel e [e];in the tone variation,the first of the four tones in Changchun local Mandarin is usually affected by the dialect to be pronounced as the second,third and fourth of the four tones,and the second of the four tones as the first,third and fourth of the four tones,and the third of the four tones as the first,second and fourth of the four tones,and the fourth of the four tones as the first,second and third of the four tones.Influenced by the Northeast dialect,the main lexical variations of Changchun local Mandarin are as follows: dialects are the most viewed and more commonly used in local Mandarin;Verbs possess the most features with a high frequency of use and a wide range of dissemination.The author writes up the comprehensive pan-meaning verbs "zheng" and "da",the degree adverb "lao" and the interrogative pronouns "za" and "sha",which are borrowed from the dialect and used and spread widely in Mandarin.The meaning and the function of the original verbs "zheng" and "da" have been expanded after they entered the local Mandarin of Changchun.For example,the meaning of "zheng" in local Mandarin covers an extremely wide range,which is almost determined by its object and context.By the impact of degree adverb "lao" in dialect,the semantic and pragmatic functions of the adverb have become more extensive in Mandarin.The use of the interrogative pronouns "za" and "sha" is expanded in Changchun local Mandarin.Chapter five elaborates the evolution mechanism and types of the contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin.Based on the variation results of the contact between the dialect and Mandarin,we believe that a "two-way interference" appears in the evolution mechanism of the local dialect and Mandarin contact,namely,that Mandarin largely exerts its influences on the dialect through the "language borrowing" mechanism,and the Mandarin components are gradually borrowed into the dialect through the process of code switching and code alternations by the bilinguals of the dialect and Mandarin.On the other side,the effect of the dialect on Mandarin is implemented mainly through "shift induced interference" or "mother tongue dialect interference " mode,supplemented by "second language acquisition strategy" and "borrowing" mode.From the perspective of language elements that are prone to variation in the dialect and Mandarin contact,the influence of the dialect on Mandarin vocabulary and grammar is mainly manifested in the language elements of "cross type" and "supplement type";from the perspective of the marked characteristics of Mandarin,the more Mandarin is marked,the easier it is to affect Changchun dialect.The sixth chapter states a case analysis of the evolution of "hu you" in the Northeast dialect from the perspective of the dialect and Mandarin contact.Based on our survey data,this paper elaborates the evolution and the motivation of the dialect word "hu you".Around the 1980 s,the meaning of "hu you" has changed from indicating the shaking of the concrete or abstract things in the early stage to "cheating","false","teasing","compliment","encourage" etc.in the Northeast dialect,which is often used as predicate and adverbial in a sentence and whose meaning has expanded from neutral to both negative and positive.After 2000,"hu you" has been taken into the Mandarin vocabulary system(In 2012,the cheating meaning of "hu you" was included in the 6th edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary),and a series of changes appeared semantically,grammatically and pragmatically."hu you" has expanded the vocabulary system of "cheating" in Mandarin,which is used more often to express the cheating meaning without emphasizing harm,the cunning method of "cheating" and the harmless cheating.Although the expression shows derogatory,it is more neutral.It tends to display nominalization,and matches formidably with the affixes such as "-shi,jie and tuan".The epilogue presents the conclusion.The author summarizes and refines the thesis from the following four aspects: the different stages of the contact between the Northeast dialect in Changchun and local Mandarin,the language variations caused by the contact and the mutual influence,the evolution mechanism of the contact,and the variation of the dialect "hu you" after its entering Mandarin.To sum up,the frequency of the Northeast dialect and Mandarin contact started from occasionality in the early stage to more intensive and up to now the most intensive.According to the results of the contact,the influence of Mandarin on the Northeast dialect is unbounded and hierarchical,and in turn,the Northeast dialect has also caused great changes in Mandarin.It can be said that the integration of the dialect and Mandarin has been formed.Obviously,the research is helpful to promote the understanding of the evolution rules of the Northeast dialect and broaden the vision and path of the study.