| Nowadays,the tourism demand and supply of countries(regions)in the world are closely connected,and tourism service trade has become an important type of service trade in the world.With the profound changes in the global international division of labor,identifying the role,evolution process and reasons of the international division of labor in tourism service trade in different countries(regions),and grasping the role positioning and development trend of China‘s participation in the international division of labor in tourism service trade are important for China‘s tourism industry in economic globalization.It is of great practical significance to give full play to the competitive advantage and improve international competitiveness.Therefore,it is an important research topic to construct a theoretical analysis framework of the international division of labor in tourism service trade,and to reveal the pattern and reason of the international division of labor in global tourism service trade.The analytical frameworks based on the trade basis(labor productivity,cost differentiation,or product differentiation standards)are the mainstream methods for studying the international division of labor,and they mainly focuses on the various fields of trade in goods.Due to the blurry boundaries of the tourism industry,the unclear division of product production chains,the non-uniformity of product functions,and the spatial immovability of tourism products and services,standards such as the tourism labor productivity,the cost differentiation and the tourism products and services differentiation are are obviously inoperable in the tourism service trade.Therefore,there are certain limitations in analyzing the international division of labor in tourism service trade from the basic level of trade.However,trade balance is one of the manifestations of the distribution of benefits from international trade and division of labor,and it is also an important perspective to reveal the pattern of international division of labor.Therefore,this study systematically sorts out the content of the international division of labor standards in the international trade theory,and combines the characteristics of tourism service trade(such as the core product of tourism consumption-scenic spots,which are spatially immovable),and analyzes the trade balance perspective research on the feasibility of the international division of labor in tourism service trade,clarify the theoretical relationship between the trade balance index and the international division of labor,and establish the trade balance as an indicator of the international division of labor in tourism service trade.This standard is the basis for further dividing the static and dynamic international division of the tourism service trade in the role types,and it is also one of the components of the core content of the theoretical analysis framework of the international division of the tourism service trade.At the same time,based on tourism demand and supply theory,inbound tourism and outbound tourism influencing factors,it systematically sorts out the respective influencing factors from the two dimensions of inbound tourism and outbound tourism,and the external structure of the analysis framework of the international division of labor in tourism service trade is determined.Based on the new analytical framework,the empirical study of the international division of labor in tourism service trade in the three spatial dimensions of global,intercontinental,and Asia reveals profoundly the role and status of China in the above three spatial dimensions.Finally,in-depth analysis of China’s tourism service trade evolution process and causes,trade efficiency and future development positioning and other issues.As a result,this study mainly draws the following four conclusions:(1)The distribution of the global tourism service trade pattern is characterized by overall stability and partial changes.The roles of international division of labor mainly include five types: long-term beneficiary,long-term spender,long-term relative equilibrium,beneficiary to spender,spender to beneficiary.Among them,the first stage of the international division of labor types accounted for the majority.At the same time,the external structure of the new analytical framework effectively explains the main reasons for the formation of the roles of the international division of labor.Countries(regions)with comparative advantages in tourism supply capacity or demand capacity are basically long-term beneficiary or long-term expenditure;countries with similar tourism supply capacity and demand capacity are long-term relative equilibrium;the serious imbalance between tourism supply capacity and demand capacity is the main reason that causes the beneficiary to turn to the expenditure side;due to the change of national strategy and industrial policy,the overall improvement of tourism supply capacity has been promoted,which provides an opportunity for the expenditure side to turn over to the beneficiary side.Factors such as international relations and security environment,geographic location and transportation have a significant impact on the formation of the above five roles.In addition,North America,Oceania,and Europe,where developed countries are concentrated,are the main sources of long-term beneficiary,the underdeveloped Africa is the main source of long-term expenditure,and the two-stage international division of labor is mainly concentrated in Asia.(2)In the comparative study of the division of labor in tourism service trade at the intercontinental level,China is the beneficiary to expenditure with the United States,Australia and the European Union.The United States,Australia and a few member states of the European Union(such as Germany and the United Kingdom)have long been the main source countries for Chinese inbound tourism.Before the 21 st century,due to the slow development of China’s outbound tourism and lack of policy support,China’s trade in tourism services with these countries was basically in a surplus.This result is also in line with China’s development needs at the time,such as income-generating foreign exchange.However,with the rapid development of China’s economy,the 2008 "Beijing Olympics" and the 2010 "Shanghai World Expo",China’s opening to the outside world has been unprecedentedly increased,and outbound tourism has developed rapidly.In addition,the outbreak of the global financial crisis has also caused a significant negative impact on the outbound tourism demand of these countries,but has less impact on China’s social economy,thus accelerating China’s reversal of the tourism service trade in these countries.In recent years,although China’s economic growth rate has declined,it has basically maintained a steady growth trend,providing financial guarantee for national outbound tourism.At the same time,because China’s population base is very large,the potential scale of outbound tourism is naturally large.This is one of the important reasons why China’s trade deficit in tourism services continues to expand and has become the world’s largest deficit country.(3)Asia has diversified types of roles in the international division of tourism service trade,and it is also the region with the most active development of global tourism service trade.There are 9 types of roles in the international division of labor in tourism service trade in Asia,which basically cover all types in the world(11 types),mainly including long-term beneficiary,long-term spender,beneficiary to spender and spender to beneficiary.Among them,in the global two-stage role type such as beneficiary to spender and spender to beneficiary,the Asian region accounts for more than half of the number.This shows that the dynamic development of tourism service trade in Asia has relatively large changes,and the market is very dynamic,but it has also become a new growth pole that promotes the development of global tourism service trade.The role of division of labor in the tourism service trade interaction between China,Japan and South Korea has changed from the beneficiary side to the expenditure side,while for the ASEAN region;it has changed from the beneficiary side to the relative equilibrium side.This is mainly because China has changed from a tourism supply advantage to a tourism demand advantage to Japan and South Korea,while it basically maintains some tourism supply advantage to ASEAN.(4)The role of the international division of labor in China’s tourism service trade was reversed from the beneficiary side to the expenditure side in 2009,mainly due to the insufficient development of inbound tourism and the rapid expansion of outbound tourism.Combined with the results of quantitative research on the efficiency of China’s inbound tourism trade,it can be seen that the potential scale of outbound tourism determined by the population base is the main source of power for the rapid increase in China’s international tourism demand capacity,followed by the increase in per capita income of residents.Although China’s tourism resource endowment has obvious advantages in terms of tourism supply,but negatively affected by factors such as industrial development policies,tourism service quality,international relations and security environment,China’s international tourism supply capacity is relatively low.Therefore,China’s tourism service trade has undergone a process of transforming from a supply advantage to a demand advantage,thereby establishing a two-stage international division of labor,the beneficiary to expenditure.At the same time,the serious imbalance of China’s tourism service trade is also worthy of attention.The innovations of this study are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:(1)Based on the theoretical basis of the division of labor in international trade,this study comprehensively considers the characteristics of tourism service trade’s non-local consumption and tourism production factors and product monopoly,explores the feasibility of research on the international division of tourism service trade from the perspective of trade interests,and clarifies the trade balance The theoretical relationship between the indicators and the international division of labor,establishes the trade balance as the standard of the international division of labor in tourism service trade,divides the static and dynamic international division of labor types,and sorts out its core theoretical logic for constructing the analysis framework of the international division of labor in tourism service trade.This study uses literature analysis methods to sort out the key influencing factors that affect inbound tourism and outbound tourism as the external structure of the analysis framework.As a result,an analysis framework for the international division of labor in tourism service trade has been constructed,which provides a theoretical basis for revealing the pattern of international division of labor in tourism service trade at global,regional and national levels.(2)Under the multi-dimensional comparative analysis of the international status of China’s tourism service trade,This study reveals in depth the evolution and causes of the role of China’s tourism service trade in the international division of labor,and proposes a positioning goal for future development.In the spatial dimension,this study analyzes the international status of China’s tourism service trade in the global,intercontinental and Asian spatial scales,and horizontally reveals the trade interaction between China’s tourism service trade and major countries(regions)and the reasons for its formation.In the time dimension,this study analyzes the development of China’s tourism service trade in the past 30 years,and outlines the change trajectory of its trade balance;based on the content of the analysis framework of the international division of tourism service trade constructed by this research,it comprehensively explains China’s tourism service trade The main reason for the formation of each stage of development.Under the condition of grasping the advantages and disadvantages of the development of China’s tourism service trade,and drawing on the development experience of typical countries in the world,this study positions China’s tourism service trade to maintain the role of the division of labor on the expenditure side by 2035,and the trade deficit accounts for the proportion of the total trade volume.Decline the development goals,and put forward corresponding development countermeasures.(3)In the empirical research part,this research adopts a heterogeneous random frontier gravity model,introduces related explanatory variables from two aspects of source and destination,and quantitatively verifies the relevance of key factors in the new framework and research topics.At the same time,based on the above measurement research methods,this study also reveals the trade efficiency of China’s inbound tourism in recent years.It was found that the average annual trade efficiency of China’s inbound tourism from 2011 to 2017 was only 59.89%,and the efficiency loss was relatively large.This result once again proves that China’s inbound tourism is underdeveloped,and has become an important basis for supporting the abnormal expansion of China’s tourism service trade deficit.As a result,this study has achieved a three-dimensional and multi-dimensional understanding of China’s tourism service trade,and provided a reference for guiding China’s tourism service trade to solve the serious imbalance problem. |
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