Value Creation And Distribution In The Process Of Digital Labor

The digital economy has become a major economic form after the industrial economy and the industrial economy,and the fourth industrial revolutionary in digital technology is changing people’s production and lifestyle.From the perspective of production methods,changes in digital technology must affect the process of labor.The production method in the sense of political economics refers to the labor process that dominates in society,dominates the maximum amount of goods exchange.In "Das Kapital",Marx elaborated in detail how the labor process of workers,under the control of capital,changed from the division of labor in manual workshops to the division of labor based on large-scale machine industry.Since then,labor process theory has become a systematic theory,and labor process theory has also become an important feature that distinguishes Marxist economic theory from other schools.However,labor process theory has been ignored by Marxist scholars for a long time.It was not until H.Braverman published the book "Labor and Monopoly Capital" in 1974 that the labor process theory again attracted the attention of the academic circles.Nine years later,the International Labour Process Conference(ILPC)was also established under its influence.The development of the digital labor process has also received the attention of the International Labor Process Conference(ILPC)and has experienced the focus of research from the form to essence.For a long time,the International Labor Process Conference has been more biased towards the control and personal subjectivity analysis and abandoned the value concept.In the 2021 conference,an important meeting branch theme "Re-understanding of the theory of labor process" is raised.More and more scholars have noticed the need to analyze the combination of digital labor process and value issues,and value as abstract labor has proved the unique role of human labor in social relations,and separated from labor and labor process,value synonym of income or profit is made conceptually merged into currency.As the branch’s initiator Kendra Briken said: "In the current debate on digital technology,the labor process has become so focused on the control mechanism,so that the purpose and significance of the control is ignored." The research topic of this paper "The value creation and distribution in the digital labor process" is the establishment of value creation and distribution on the theory of Marx’s labor process.It is worth noting that although foreign scholars have paid attention to the value of digital labor,many related studies have not returned to Marx ’s theory.As scholar Christian Fuchs wrote in a 2012 article titled "With or Without Marx? With or Without Capitalism? A Rejoinder to Adam Arvidsson and Eleanor Colleoni”,Marxist theory has been seriously questioned in the era of the digital economy,and debates about value in the digital labor process are characterized by Marxism and non-Marxism.Since the digital product has a special cost structure,the boundaries of digital labor and the time of life and the life time are increasingly vague,and the digital workers are flexible and non-employment,so that some Western scholars believe that Marx ’s theory has expired in the digital economic era.The whole of this paper follows the abstract to specific logical interpretation methods,starting from the core concept of the digital labor process,in the production organization and control form of the digital labor process,the value of the digital labor process,during the digital labor process The value realization problem,the value distribution problem of the digital labor process has been analyzed in theoretically,and then the global digital labor process and the analysis of the Chinese digital labor process.The full text follows the logic of “Digital Labor Process—Value Creation—Value Realization — Value Distribution — Global and China ’ s Digital Labor Process”,including ten chapter: Chapter 1 is introduced,mainly including research background,research,research purposes,research methods,and domestic and foreign literature reviews;Chapter 2 is the concept defining,theoretical foundation and analysis framework,mainly based on the core concept of digital labor process and related Marxism theory,"value creation-value realization-value distribution" Theoretical analysis framework;Chapter 3 is the characteristics and form of digital economic development and the digital labor process.The flourishing of the digital economy is a background condition that the digital labor process has emerged.On the basis of the analysis of global and domestic digital economic development,we explore the digital labor process.Features and summarized four specific expressions in digital labor;Chapter 4 is the formation and control form of the production of the digital labor,mainly analyzes the change in combination between production materials and laborers in the digital labor process,and changes in production organization and changes in digital labor control.It is pointed out that the essence of digital labor process control is a transformation of labor to the actual subject;Chapter 5 is the production labor and non-production labor in the digital labor.In this chapter,we have a comprehensive review of Marx’s production labor and non-production and labor discussions,and three of the long-term arguments and analysis of digital labor process values.Important issues,that is,the non-material labor can become a production labor,circulation of labor productive issues.Whether labor must be focused on employment labor,and the various specific labor forms in the digital labor process belong to production labor or An analysis of non-production labor;Chapter 6 is created for the value of the digital labor.It is the focus of this paper,mainly including the research of two mainstream research paths and scholars Fox.Special cost structure with digital goods and the effectiveness of Marx’s law of value,it is believed that the value creation in the digital labor should return to Marx,that is,the analysis of the value of production of labor,and analyzes the production of labor in digital labor during the production and circulation of two fields,and is analyzed.After the issue of value creation,we also analyzed the remaining value issues in the digital labor process;Chapter 7 is the new change of the circulation process and the value of the digital product,mainly including the time and space synchronization steering,Two-way circulation of material objects and information,the value-realized time and space compression,digital logistics transport and digital platform commercial transformation;Chapter 8 is the income distribution of digital factors and digital labor,including objective production conditions and income distribution,subjective production conditions and income distribution,production conditions in the digital labor process determine the distribution mechanism,global labor revenue The resulting result of the decline and income gap is expanded;Chapter 9is a global expansion and digital labor process for digital capital.The main content includes the internal logic of digital capital global expansion,resulting in the consequences of the consequences,the new round of international divisions and collaborative system changes and digital labor during digital technology.Inequality issues in the process of global allocation.We also focus on China’s digital labor development,describing the status quo of digital labor in China,pointing out the problems in the digital labor process,and according to These issues have put forward the corresponding measures to build a harmonious digital labor relationship;Chapter 10 is the conclusion and prospect of the paperThe full text has six main conclusions:First,the combination of production materials and laborers in the digital labor process changed.Among the digital technology changes,an important change is the intensity of the overall production materials and the weakening of individual workers’ live labor.During the digital labor process,workers are no longer unable to have some production materials,thereby evolving various types of production materials and laborers.During the digital labor process,data information,digital infrastructure,etc.have shown great role as a social overall production data,and become a key production information.As long as the critical digital production information can be achieved,the effective control of the workers can be achieved,while the production information owned by the workers is reshaped and is incorporated into the category of the production materials grasped by digital capital.Second,the control form in the digital labor has changed a large change in the form of traditional control,and the application of digital technologies causes traditional supervision and control and "de-skilling" control to digital supervision and control and "digital democracy" control.change.The unique algorithm control in the digital labor process has comprehensive,transient and opacity,and its non-humanized rules not only brought efficiency in the digital labor,but also make control means more concealed.Through the overlapping design of the algorithm and the legal contract,the laborers under the digital labor is more difficult than traditional control.At the same time,there is a "digital gaming" control form,through the game elements such as badges,levels,scoreboards,using computer pseudo-social characteristics,and strengthen the digital workers while stimulating the potential of labor main body.control.Some autonomy in the digital labor process makes labor on the form of capital in the form of a weakened,but behind the mandatory weakening is the strengthening of labor on the actual membership of capital.Third,in the process of production labor and non-production labor during the digital labor,whether it belongs to material production fields and cannot become a basis for the judgment of production labor.Not only does it have material demand,but also has a non-material demand.The development of digital technology provides a social interface to produce non-material products.Compared with traditional labor process,the labor proportion of non-material products in digital labor is increased.Whether labor becomes a production labor that creates value,does not depend on whether the product has material properties,but depends on whether the product produced has exchange value.In the field of circulation,there is only non-production labor,labor such as live materials in the field of pure circulation,and the technical labor taken in the e-commerce platform just changed the form of transformation of goods,and it is not able to increase the value of goods.Production labor,transportation labor in the circulation field,such as takeaway rider,express delivery personnel change the location of the value of goods,belongs to production labor.Non-employment labor If it is not from capital,then it is unable to become capitalist production labor,and hire the necessary conditions for defining capitalist production labor.But this does not mean that non-employment labor cannot be a production labor.As long as the non-employment labor produces the value of use,it can be produced for production labor.Fourth,the value creation in the digital labor process should return to the analysis of the value of Marx ’s production and labor creation.There are certain defects in two mainstream research paths and Fox’s digital labor process value analysis,and the "non-material labor" of the autonomous Marxist School actually denies the applicability of Marx’s labor value theory in the digital labor process.A new value system based on "common".The political economy is spread,despite respecting and inheriting Marx’s labor value,adhering to the only source of labor as a value of creating value.However,different scholars’ differences in audience commodities have led to the judgment of their source of value creation in digital labor.Scholar Fuchs hits the "audience commodity" to put forward the concept of "production and sales integration" and "data merchandise" to analyze the value creation.But Fox is too simplified for the analysis of the value of the digital labor process and has not further deeply entered the complex economy of the commercial digital platform.Through the analysis of the two mainstream research paths,we found that the special cost structure of digital products was caused by abandoning the theory of Marx when the study value was created.We have analyzed this and believe that the special cost structure of digital products,that is,the characteristics of unlimited replication can not be given abandonment of Marx’s labor value theory,and the value of digital goods can only be a society.If the labor time,Marx’s labor value is still explained in the digital economic era.For research on value creation problems during digital labor,it should also return to Marx’s production labor and non-production labor.Fifth,in the allocation mechanism of the digital labor process,objective production conditions,the size of the digital elements,becomes the most critical factors affecting allocation,especially for revenue distribution between labor and capital.Due to the unclear number of digital elements such as existing data,the actual control is mostly in the hands of digital capital,which also caused more value ratios to the digital element production conditions in the distribution link.The distribution mechanism in the digital labor process is not only the allocation between labor and capital,but also reflects the allocation between capital,large digital technology giants and digital platform companies are using digital technology monopoly advantages and subsequent data resources.The monopoly advantage has got huge rental profits.The results of allocation in the digital labor process are in terms of two aspects.First,in terms of labor and capital allocation ratio,there have been a trend of global labor revenue to decline.Second,in terms of the internal distribution of labor,the improvement of digital innovation skills creates divisions within the workforce,and low-skilled laborers can only find rising channels.It is confused to future career development,and high skills The revenue of the laborer is increasing.The income gap between capital and labor during digital labor,and the income gap between workers have been expanded.Sixth,global expansion has become a way out of digital capital overcoming the accumulation of contradictions.The global digital platform enterprises in developed capitalist countries,such as Google,Facebook,Amazon,etc.have monopolistic trading conditions that are not available in other countries.Hold the free flow of capital,which has obtained the transfer and possession of value and profit created by higher capital turnover speeds.Due to the non-production of non-production labor in pure circulation,the non-production labor of digital capital in developed capitalist countries can compensate for labor by the global value chain by other developing countries.The value of globalization Re-allocation makes digital capital to a certain extent to a certain extent of developed capitalist countries tend to decline.However,the total profit of the world must correspond to the total amount of global residual value of the world,and the redistribution of the global value chain,while adding a certain link profit,it will inevitably reduce the profit of another link,and the long history will lead to global production.The reduction in labor.Behind developed capitalist countries have achieved fewer values to achieve higher profit margins,the average rate of profit margins in a global scale decreased.Possible innovation is:First,We built a "value creation-value implementation-value distribution " theoretical analysis framework,first analyzed the core concept,characteristics,production organization and control form of the digital labor process,and then focus on the value of value in the digital labor process,the value of the digital labor process,The value distribution problem of the digital labor process has conducted theoretical analysis and research,and finally,the global digital labor process and the analysis of the Chinese digital labor process are analyzed.Through the creation of value,the analysis of interactions and contacts between the three are achieved,and the value creation and distribution of the value during the digital labor process is performed.Second,the special cost structure of digital items has been analyzed in detail,responding,and refutes the mark of Marker’s labor.The special cost structure of digital items can be easily replicated with unlimited replication,which seems to be in the crisis of Marx’s labor value based on labor time.However,the special cost structure of digital goods is not aware of the adequate reasons of Marx’s labor value theory.We have discovered prices in unit digital products by theoretical analysis.Through mathematics derivation,the value of the unit digital product is approaching from zero is not equal to zero.The value metrics of digital products can only be the necessary labor time.Third,from Marx’s theory of labor and non-production labor,try to explore a new research path for value creation in the digital labor process.After combing the analysis of two mainstream research paths and Fox,we found that the"non-material labor" theory of the autonomous Marxist school has built the"commonality" basis,and disseminate the "audience" of the political and economic school.Labor "Due to the discretion of the audience,Fox’s" digital goods "did not consider the business logic behind it,so they did not find the satisfactory research path of value creation analysis in the digital labor process.This paper starts from Marx’s theory of production labor and non-production labor,trying to explore a new research path for the value creation of value in digital labor,and the existing specific digital labor in the present society,such as food delivery driver,t Ride-hailing drivers,digital platform enterprises and individual users in the platform has been a positive exploration for the production of labor.At last,there are still some deficiencies in this paper: the analysis of capital’s labor control in the process of digital labor needs to be further deepened;Due to the high flexibility of digital labor process,statistical data is relatively lacking,and the supporting data in this paper is relatively insufficient;The discussion on ownership of data elements is not enough and needs further analysis.